Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff Essay

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff - Essay Example Similarly, Wolbers elucidates, â€Å"Dual system participants combine fixed-term contracts with full-time employment while studying workers are not very different from their non-studying colleagues. Working students are more often employed on a part-time basis. Nevertheless, the permanency of these student jobs is fairly high, much closer to the situation of regular employees rather than to that of dual system students† (2003). However, it is believed that â€Å"since the work-life system is multi- and not just two-dimensional, it is important to examine how all life domains interrelate with each other. In this way, we would be in a better position to begin to assess all the benefits and disadvantages associated with working part-time and with other work-life balancing strategies† (Warren, 2004). â€Å"For both men and women, the likelihood to return-to-work increased with increasing number of opportunities to adjust. Adjustment latitude increased returning to part-tim e as well as full-time work. The study indicates that work organization is important for return-to-work† (Gun, 2006). In addition, it is highlighted that â€Å"females, freshmen and full-time (versus part-time) students reported a greater degree of exposure to stressors† ((Buchanan, et al, 2004).â€Å"There are very few small businesses that do not offer coverage and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers. These businesses are not quite as rare as a needle in a haystack, but they are very difficult to find†.

Shoplifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shoplifting - Essay Example The suspect is an alcoholic, unemployed, with no food in his house, leaves in filthy conditions and is a serial shoplifter which he admits to do it again to fund his alcoholism. From the labeling theory perspective, the initial act of shoplifting is normal and it is the interaction with those respond to it that causes deviance. Shoplifting is brought to the notice of police only after it is detected by the staff of shop, detective or public. In Gibben's study of shoplifting from the statistics of "Larceny from Shops and stalls" of 1935-1960, it was showed that the number fluctuated between 1949 and 1955 but have subsequently increased by substantial portions; and from the information presented, he argued that with both adults and children, the numbers are largely dependent upon the arresting and charging policy of the shops and there have been changes in policy between 1949 and 1959 in particular instances.(NG Wai Yee, nd:40-51)2 The suspect admits that he will continue with his practice as it would be difficult to regain his identity and sense of self efficacy. The suspects inclusion in the society will be further outlawed leading to social exclusion which in turn will lead to more incidents of shoplifting and may be other adverse crimes to support his livelihood. Relying on the strain theory, it is evident that suspect has indulged in such acts just because of addiction towards alcoholic materials, which he has admitted.3 From the society's and community's perspective which does not support or provide support to such accused, he should be present before the court as it may do no world of good to him by not confining him. According to Charles A. Sennewald, the only person who can arrest the suspect is the one who has seen it actually happening. The process of 'stop' is to impede or interrupt the customer by the staff to inquire about the transaction and extract a satisfactory explanation. Detention occurs based only on probable cause and the duration is used to investigate the circumstances of the event in which the act has happened. Thereafter is the suspect admits his crime, its up to the manager to call the police who makes an official arrest and the case is transferred from private affair to criminal justice system.4 In some cases, manager can let go the suspect sometimes by taking back the lifted goods or by imposing fines on the lifted goods, etc. In some cases, the staff or manager tend to show sympathy towards such unhappy, unemployed, alcoholic addicted person who has make his livelihood through such felony. But again, such acts may encourage him to commit such crimes again and again which ma y tamper the reputation and costs of the stores and retail shops and other malls, etc. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford developed their learning styles system as a variation on the Kolb model while working on a project for the Chloride Corporation in the 1970's. The stages originated from the work of David Kolb's Learning Styles. The first stage is to have an experience, wherein people use other people's work and rely on their analysis. This style is similar to that of Accommodating Stage where people prefer to work in teams to complete tasks and actively work in the field trying different ways to achieve target. Honey and

Kodak Industry Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kodak Industry Evaluation - Essay Example They should weigh on both sides so that they will win more customers and at the same time making profits and not losses. As the market share of Kodak is higher at 67%, this shows that the demand of the products is also higher. This shows that Kodak should produce more products to meet the rising demand from customers and curb the shortages. To meet this target, Kodak should have qualified staff, reliable source of materials, and source of finance. Kodak will have to recruit more staff so that the existing staff will not work under pressure. In addition, they should organize seminars to train the staff so that they can acquire new skills, which will enable them to fit in the current situation (Greco & Wharton, 2007, p. 166). Having opportunities like promotion, and free training should motivate staff so that they will work hard enabling the industry to meet the target. The staff should be given rewards when they do a commendable job. This will motivate other employees and staff to wor k harder in that they will receive rewards. In doing this, the industry will meet its targets through spending on the rewards. Kodak should establish a reliable source of raw materials for use in the industry. The supply of the materials should be continuous to enhance the continuous manufacture of the films whilst sustaining the customer demand. This will make the customers rely on the industry in that they can get the products when they demand them. In addition, the industry should have enough funds for acquiring the raw materials, training staff, and paying the employees in this process. If there is a shortage in the funds, Kodak can borrow from financial institutions for stable flow of raw materials in the industry. The funds will be used in procurement and... As the report declares Kodak should produce more products to meet the rising demand from customers and curb the shortages. To meet this target, Kodak should have qualified staff, reliable source of materials, and source of finance. Kodak will have to recruit more staff so that the existing staff will not work under pressure. In addition, they should organize seminars to train the staff so that they can acquire new skills, which will enable them to fit in the current situation/ This paper stresses that Kodak should establish a reliable source of raw materials for use in the industry. The supply of the materials should be continuous to enhance the continuous manufacture of the films whilst sustaining the customer demand. This will make the customers rely on the industry in that they can get the products when they demand them. In addition, the industry should have enough funds for acquiring the raw materials, training staff, and paying the employees in this process. If there is a shortage in the funds, Kodak can borrow from financial institutions for stable flow of raw materials in the industry. The funds will be used in procurement and transporting raw materials to the industry and finished goods to the market. After stabilizing this, the customers will get Kodak anytime they demand. Employees and others professionals who may be called in the industry will be paid through the funds acquired from sources like borrowing.

Advertising on a Global Scale Essay Example for Free

Advertising on a Global Scale Essay When a company, brand, or product is marketed within several countries, a significantly different approach to advertising must be made opposed to if it was only being sold within one country. A company’s awareness of the international advertising can greatly affect how well a product is accepted by its target audience and how well it sells. The most important aspect of global advertising is an understanding of culture. This involves considering the language barriers, the cultural significance of images and signs, and the applicability that a certain product may have within different countries. Addressing these three factors, overall, can help to increase the appeal of a product or service; and it is essential that companies realize that implementing a standardized method of advertising is not always the most effective way to enter a foreign market. There have been several debates in regards to the regulation of global advertising. Two contrasting statements have been made—one that suggests that advertising standardization is the most profitable approach to international marketing, and another that promotes localization. Those who support the standardization method â€Å"†¦argue that standardizing advertising can help maintain a uniform global strategy and image of the firm, maximize the firm’s cost advantage and meet a universal need of people across the world† (Zou and Volz 2010: 57). The adaption method, however, stresses that differences and barriers between cultures, spoken languages, historical contexts, and socio-economic factors between various countries affects the way in which advertising messages are perceived and translated. It is therefore does not make sense to implement only one form of advertisement that is meant to span a variety of countries and cultures, because one single campaign cannot apply and appeal to every market worldwide. Perhaps the arguments in favor of standardizing international campaigns, particularly the language that is being used, stems from the fact that English has become the dominant language in the world. The majority of advertisers and other people who work in the global marketing industry speak English, regardless of what is their country of origin; and it appears as if many advertisers are beginning to apply this theory to the consumers. Despite the widespread use of English and the fact that is the most commonly used language in advertising worldwide, the concept of advertising standardization has been widely criticized in favor of adaptation. It is somewhat hasty to assume, after all, that all people worldwide are fluent in English, simply because most of those working in the business sector happen to speak the language. What about those in smaller towns or non-Western countries such as Cairo, Egypt? Egyptians who work in the tourist or hospitality industry are likely to speak English, but many of the average citizens—who are all potential consumers—will not necessarily speak English or be able to understand the writing. Studies have also shown that the use of a local language tends to appeal more to those who live in the area, especially within countries that perceive their spoken and written language to be a valuable part of their culture. Hornikx, Van Meurs, and De Boer write that â€Å"†¦ads that appeal to important cultural values (such as independence in the United States or loyalty in Mexico) should be more persuasive than ads that appeal to relatively unimportant cultural values (such as loyalty in the United States or independence in Mexico)† (2010: 171). Empirical studies have also proven that ads using the local language and cultural values of a country tend to be favored as opposed to those with a standardized language and advertising message (Hornikx, Van Meurs, and De Boer 2010: 171). Although it is clear that language adaption is important, the preference that locals have for their language does not imply that advertisers should not use English in foreign countries. They simply need to use English in a way that is effective in conveying the message behind a campaign, and have an understanding of how the English language is perceived in each particular market they are trying to enter. Among Chinese consumers who frequently purchase upscale or luxury goods, global advertising, brands, and products tend to be preferred over domestic good. This is because in Chinese culture, in particular, â€Å"†¦global advertising elements are valued as signs or surrogates for status, cosmopolitanism, excitement, modernity, quality, technology, and beauty† (Zou and Belk 2004: 71). If advertisers are going to use English, however, it is crucial that they simplify the language as much as possible in order to minimize the risk of misinterpretation. There is no point in using a standardized advertising campaign in China if nobody is going to understand what it says. In the Netherlands, the use of English slogans in advertising was also preferred to Dutch, so long as the slogans were easy to read and translate (Louhiala-Salminen and Rogerson-Revell 2010: 95). This shows how the use of English, in many countries, could actually be beneficial and profitable for a company; but since not all countries perceive English the same way, it is important for advertisers to understand how and English campaign will be accepted within their target market. English will not necessarily be preferred to the local language, nor will global brands necessarily be favored over domestic products— which proves that language adaptation should still be used in some situations as opposed to absolute language standardization. Along with deciding whether or not the local language should be used in an international advertising campaign, companies need to consider the visuals that they are using. What is the significance of the images within that culture? Could they possibly be negatively misinterpreted? What do the local consumers consider to be visually appealing? All of these factors, of course, differ between countries and cultures. Studies have shown that there is a significant difference between the way in which high-context cultures and low-context cultures interpret ads. These high-context cultures include China, Japan, the Mediterranean, and Arab nations, where a lot of information is left unspoken and messages are often coded. Low-context cultures, however, refer to the United States, Germany, the UK, and other Western European countries. In these countries, everything is relatively straight-forward and messages are made clear (An 2007: 307). An describes the findings from many studies, which all â€Å"†¦imply that the idea of employing advertising visuals that reflect the communication styles of a particular national market appears to be a promising strategy to effectively reach consumers around the world† (2007: 303). This suggests that multinational advertisers should seek to differentiate their visuals between Eastern and Western cultures if they wish to make a product or service appeal to the people. In the United States, for example, celebrities—from singers, to socialites, to athletes—dominate magazine pages, commercials, and billboards as the spokes models for various brands. This tends to attract the attention of the American public, as they recognize the celebrities and typically create a positive association between that celebrity and the product. In the Middle East, however, using a celebrity athlete to represent a box of cereal will not make that cereal appear any more appealing than if the box were blank. Advertisers, instead, must determine what will be visually pleasing to consumers in countries that have different values than those from more Western countries. In addition to finding what a will attract people in terms of advertising visuals, it is essential to be and respectful of cultural beliefs and customs. Consider countries in the Middle East, where Islam is a dominant part of society. This religion stresses modesty, especially amongst women. Kalliny et al describe how in countries such as Saudi Arabia, â€Å"†¦women are not allowed to walk in the streets with their faces uncovered†¦ [and there are] women wearing long clothing in 83 percent of Arabic magazine advertisements showing women, compared to the 29 percent in U. S. advertisements† (2008: 218). With female modesty being so important within certain cultures, it is extremely important that multinational advertisers be cautious about whether their visuals will be appropriate. It would not be a good choice, for example, for an advertiser to market a brand of women’s perfume in Saudi Arabia with an enormous billboard showing Britney Spears wearing a bikini and holding a bottle of perfume. This would be considered offensive and would not be beneficial for the popularity of a product. The Japanese cosmetics industry also presents an interesting example of the importance of visual marketing and how advertisers need to pay attention to what will efficiently sell a product. As the second largest market in the world in terms of cosmetics, it was estimated to be worth roughly 1. trillion yen back in 2003 (Barnes and Yamamoto 2008: 299). Research regarding what type of models Japanese women prefer in beauty campaigns indicated a surprising fact. Although white models are widely used in Japan, because they are considered to be the ideal form of beauty, Japanese women actually preferred to buy cosmetics that used Japanese models in the advertisements. Barnes and Yamamoto discuss how this is due to white models not being applicable to Japanese women in terms of physical beauty. The Japanese, for example, value fair complexions, while Westerners typically prefer tans. Additionally, â€Å"†¦since the Japanese facial structure is different from that of Westerners, they will not become similar in appearance if they use the same make-up as a Western model† (2008: 310). This proves how a choice of visual representation in an advertising campaign can greatly affect how a product is accepted within different countries, and how advertisers must adjust their images or models accordingly. As research within the Japanese beauty industry has shown, applicability is crucial in global advertising. If a product or service has no value, necessity, or appeal in a certain country, hen consumers will not purchase the product. An advertisement’s message and content, therefore, is important and can determine how much interest is generated amongst consumers. In one particular study involving 40 different advertising campaigns and 1200 consumers, the significance of content was examined. Van Den Putte states that the study indicates that â€Å"†¦after controlling for the effect of previous purchase behavior, the effect of message content strategy is generally larger than the effect of advertising expenditure† (2009: 669). This shows how it is not necessarily a campaign’s budget that determines the success of a product, but the message and content that it contains. Alcohol advertisements have been successful in tailoring their ads to suit the requirements of different countries and cultures. One example is the comparison of alcohol advertisements between the United Kingdom and Ukraine. Beefeater Dry Gin, a spirit brand that often appears in GQ magazine, markets their gin in Britain quite minimally. Their ad consists of a lime splashing into a bottle of gin, with the splash pattern forming the British flag. The slogan simply reads â€Å"Refreshingly London†, with one more line that says â€Å"Distilled in London since 1820† (Wolburg and Venger 2009: 15). That is all that is needed in order for British consumers to understand the product and find some sort of value in the liquor. In Ukraine, however, alcohol companies have to take a much different approach. Wolburg and Venger state that, because drinking has not been instilled as a cultural norm in Ukrainian society, â€Å"†¦marketers have had to educate Ukrainians about drinking various alcoholic beverages. Ads, magazine articles, and Web sites must not only teach Ukrainians how these drinks are prepared and consumed; they must also explain what makes certain brands authentic† (2009: 15). This involves the importance of cultural applicability—if alcohol advertisers do not understand the need to educate certain consumer markets about their product in detail, then consumers will not see a need for the product altogether. McDonalds has been one of the most successful companies in terms of launching their fast-food chains globally and adjusting their products and advertising campaigns to appeal to local consumers. In India, for example, many of the people do not eat beef; so to increase its appeal, McDonalds in India sells a lamb burger as part of its menu, and markets its fish fillet sandwich much more than it does in the United States. It also utilizes many small, local farmers and food suppliers in order to make the company seem more localized and appealing to the Indian consumer base (Sarin and Barrows 2005: 23). The original, American version of McDonalds would most likely have been unsuccessful in countries such as India if the company had not made some adjustments. If McDonalds in Indian maintained the same American menu, then the Indian public would undoubtedly not have been as accepting of the brand and its products. Not only was the company culturally sensitive to the dietary restrictions that many Indian people have due to religious meanings, but it also used local suppliers as an acculturation strategy. With a menu that conforms to the eating habits of India, along with the use of their own famers and suppliers, McDonalds has become well-adjusted to the global community and has effectively made itself applicable to a wide variety of cultures and consumers. Culture is the most important factor in any advertising campaign, regardless of its origin. Advertisers cannot simply use one campaign and expect it to be accepted, appealing, and applicable to every country. Standardization also forfeits the competitive edge that one brand may have over another if it is able to successfully integrate its product into a foreign market. Paying attention to the language, visuals, and significance of a product is essential in global advertising, and advertisers must alter their campaign in order to better suit the tastes and values of individual cultures.

Interesting Facts of the Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Interesting Facts of the Crucible The Interesting Facts of The Crucible Was The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, just an â€Å"irrational fear?† (Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Fact & Fiction Par.1). The panic of Communism during the Cold War and Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist hearings on February 3, 1953 led to this â€Å"irrational fear.† There are several major differences from the true version of the story and Miller’s version. These differences could have made the whole event much more interesting and eerie. Many specific details were overlooked that could have changed the play around. For example, Parris’ wife was not dead. In Miller’s play he refers to the group of girls as Abigail’s girls, but there were many other girls that were included in the group of the â€Å"afflicted†. Another difference that could have reconstructed how the play was is Abigail’s age. Because Miller used different context from the event, the true facts of history could have made the play muc h more interesting. In Miller’s play, Reverend Parris says â€Å"...my daughter...† (1.7). Reverend Parris mentioned he has a daughter and he is a widower. However, â€Å"Betty Parris’ mother was not dead, but very much alive at the time† (The Crucible: Fact & Fiction Para.5). Betty Parris’ mother really died 4 years after the events had taken place. This fact could have changed the total out-come of Miller’s play. If Betty had a mother figure, perhaps she would not have been lured into Abigail’s malicious ways. Since Abigail and Betty are cousins, Betty’s mother could have played as a mother figure for Abigail. Abigail would not have been such a troublemaker if she had a role model. This fact could have changed how Miller’s play was put together, and it could have made the play more interesting. In The Crucible, Miller mentioned that Abigail and her followers were just a bunch of teenage girls. In reality, Abigail’s group did not just consisted of teenage girls. Abigail’s afflicted group not only consists of teenage girls, but it consists of men and women. Some of the people from Abigail’s â€Å"afflicted† group are Sarah Bibber, John Indian, and Ann Putnam. The â€Å"afflicted† group could have consisted of many more people, and they could have had a bigger, stronger effect on the whole hype.

Now and then :: essays research papers

Why Rate? To paraphrase the old Chuck Berry tune, bye-bye, Johnnie. Johnnie Johnson, the rhythm-and-blues piano wizard whose pioneering partnership with Berry produced such indelible tracks as "Roll over Beethoven" and "No Particular Place To Go" and helped to lay the foundations for rock 'n' roll, died Wednesday. He was 80. According to his agent at New York-based Talent Consultants International, Johnson died of natural causes at his home in St. Louis. Musician John May told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch that Johnson had been hospitalized a month ago for pneumonia and had also been on dialysis for a kidney ailment. Despite his ailments, Johnson refused to stop playing, taking the stage as recently as two weeks ago Johnson, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, influenced generations of rockers through his collaborations with Berry--everyone from Elvis Presley and Little Richard to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Fellow rock originator Bo Diddley, who performed with Johnson on Feb. 9, called Johnson "a great man and a great musician." "It was so much fun to play with Johnnie," Diddley said in a statement. "He will be missed but his music will live on." Berry was traveling back from Europe and was not immediately available for comment, according to his publicist. A self-taught musician, bandleader and composer, Johnson composed the riffs for many of Berry's most famous tunes, including "Maybellene," "Sweet Little Sixteen" and "Rock and Roll Music," which Berry transposed to guitar. Berry wrote his best-known song, "Johnny B. Goode," in tribute to Johnson. But it was Johnson who actually gave Berry his first big break. On New Year's Eve in 1952, Johnson, then fronting the his own trio in St. Louis, was stuck. His sax player fell ill and he needed an emergency replacement, so he called in his pal Berry, a promising young guitarist, to fill in. The show was a hit, Johnson asked Berry to join the band, and soon the more charismatic Berry was the frontman. Their partnership produced dozens of hit songs before they parted company in 1973. Wracked by alcoholism, Johnson fell off the radar. He was driving a bus when Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards tracked Johnson down during the making of the 1987 Berry documentary, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll. Richards, convinced that Johnson should be in the rock pantheon alongside Berry, launched a high-profile campaign to get Johnson into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Now and then :: essays research papers Why Rate? To paraphrase the old Chuck Berry tune, bye-bye, Johnnie. Johnnie Johnson, the rhythm-and-blues piano wizard whose pioneering partnership with Berry produced such indelible tracks as "Roll over Beethoven" and "No Particular Place To Go" and helped to lay the foundations for rock 'n' roll, died Wednesday. He was 80. According to his agent at New York-based Talent Consultants International, Johnson died of natural causes at his home in St. Louis. Musician John May told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch that Johnson had been hospitalized a month ago for pneumonia and had also been on dialysis for a kidney ailment. Despite his ailments, Johnson refused to stop playing, taking the stage as recently as two weeks ago Johnson, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, influenced generations of rockers through his collaborations with Berry--everyone from Elvis Presley and Little Richard to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Fellow rock originator Bo Diddley, who performed with Johnson on Feb. 9, called Johnson "a great man and a great musician." "It was so much fun to play with Johnnie," Diddley said in a statement. "He will be missed but his music will live on." Berry was traveling back from Europe and was not immediately available for comment, according to his publicist. A self-taught musician, bandleader and composer, Johnson composed the riffs for many of Berry's most famous tunes, including "Maybellene," "Sweet Little Sixteen" and "Rock and Roll Music," which Berry transposed to guitar. Berry wrote his best-known song, "Johnny B. Goode," in tribute to Johnson. But it was Johnson who actually gave Berry his first big break. On New Year's Eve in 1952, Johnson, then fronting the his own trio in St. Louis, was stuck. His sax player fell ill and he needed an emergency replacement, so he called in his pal Berry, a promising young guitarist, to fill in. The show was a hit, Johnson asked Berry to join the band, and soon the more charismatic Berry was the frontman. Their partnership produced dozens of hit songs before they parted company in 1973. Wracked by alcoholism, Johnson fell off the radar. He was driving a bus when Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards tracked Johnson down during the making of the 1987 Berry documentary, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll. Richards, convinced that Johnson should be in the rock pantheon alongside Berry, launched a high-profile campaign to get Johnson into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Philosophy Of Torture Essay

Defining Torture Torture is any act where severe pain and suffering which is either mental or physical is intentionally inflicted into a person for the purpose of obtaining from him confession or information, by punishing him for the act he or third person is suspected of committing or has committed. It can also be intimidating or forcing him for the reason which is based on discrimination when such suffering is inflicted with consent of or at the instigation of public official or another person who is working in an official capacity. This excludes pain and suffering from incidental or lawful sanctions. In state sponsored torture, groups or individuals inflict torture on one another; in this case, torture is for the motive of sadistic gratification of torturer. There is prohibition of torture under international law and in domestic law in most countries. Amnesty international says that, in world governments, 75% of them currently practice torture. In history, torture has been used to effect political re-education. 21 century considers torture as violation of human rights and is unacceptable to the United Nations article 5. Torture and ill treatments are considered to be immoral by the international legal prohibitions. Torture is ordinarily and accidental discomfort for example, it is torture to be stuck in traffic jam for five hours. The paradox o torture is used where the methods used to inflict pain and humiliations are similar. For example, in games, players endure torturous discipline. This is also true with genitorture which is used in virtual parody because the real things have medical risks that are unacceptable. (Miller, 2006). Doctrine of Double Effect With Respect To Torture In doctrine of double effect, we encounter conflicts of right whereby there is right for a person not to be tortured and right to life and to be secure. The rights set limit to calculations of utilitarian override benefits of utilitarian but the rights themselves can conflict. Question arises as to whether there are some rights which are more basic compared to others, because of being more important to human life. Perhaps, right to liberty is taken to be more important than right to property and right to life more important than right to liberty. Right to life is the most basic right and is a precondition for existence of any other right. Some rights should never be overridden because they are basic. This can help in resolving possible conflicts. There is a contrast in killing an innocent person with the killing of someone in self defense. If someone threatens my life, he has already forfeited his right to life, if I can defend my own life by killing him, then I can do so. Therefore, if there is absolute right to life for an innocent person, it is wrong to kill him except in self defense. If a driver has five people working on his right hand track, and one person on the left hand track. If a tram is steered on left hand track, it would kill one person and if nothing is done, tram will kill five people. The question is as to whether he should steer on the left hand track and kill one person in order to save five people on the left hand track. The doctrine of double effect does not say it is okay to people who are innocent if you don’t intend it. It says that, it is right to do an action that result to unintended death of people who are innocent as the only way of preventing worse evil from happening. This means there is conflict between negative duty and negative duty, in this case, it is right to kill fewer than many. (Miller, 2006) argues that, there exists a moral difference between killing someone and allowing him to die. Some doctors can perform involuntary euthanasia in order to provide organ transplant. The overall benefit produced may be the greatest but the doctors can not just do that to people. Negative duties always correspond to negative right. For example right not to be killed. Positive ideas correspond to positive rights. For example right to give aid to save someone’s life. Duties that are negative are stricter than positive duties. For example, it is our duty to prevent deaths but it is not strict like duty not to kill. Failing to help people who are starving is bad but it is worse if you give them poisoned food. The terrorists announce that, they will use weapons to kill a city unless a young lawyer who is politically active kills his mother. The gang has already murdered several people and their threat is credible. The question is as to whether the lawyer is supposed to torture his mother up to death for him to prevent the terrorist attack. According to doctrine of double effect, if the lawyer does not torture his mother to death, he is not responsible for the murdered people because, terrorists are the ones responsible. The lawyer should not torture his mother to death because; this will encourage the terrorists to make similar threats later. What Is Wrong With Torture Torture inflicts pain that is unspeakable into the body of fellow human being who is at our mercy. A person who is tortured is helpless and bound. The person who is torturing stands before the person to be tortured with instruments. The question of unilateral disarmament is not there because the victim has no arms, even no use of two arms he was born with. Torture results to inequality because killing and abusing a person is as radical and denial of humanity. Torture is widespread, rationalized and sanctioned in memorandum that is long and is written by people who serve in high government authorities. It is easy to ratify this record through voting in order to confirm the chief authors in highest legal office in executive arm of government. Torture causes destruction to the soul and destroys body of the victim. There is boundary between humane treatment in prisons and the clear boundary is torture that exist between civilization and barbarism. Torture threatens the safety of someone’s family and inflicts suffering on the family in front of that person. Torture makes someone care for nothing other than the cessation of suffering. It breaks autonomy of someone by manipulating them in a manner that is dehumanizing. The cruel treatment is bad enough and is like slavery and lacks respect to someone’s humanity. Torture demoralizes someone and makes the tortured become anxious to spear out what tormentors would like to hear. He will be willing to remove the pressure by saying anything. Torture makes it easy to extract a confession of guilt through being ruthless that makes the innocent give in quickly. The process of dehumanization quickly obliterates the distinction between falsity and truth. All what will matter is what stop the torture. Torture make people who are tortured desire to end suffering, as a result, they can say anything and therefore they can not be taken to be truthful. This is opinion of many observers who are involved in interrogations. Torture results to flattering one another where senators showered each other with compliments, senator Hatch said that senator specter who is new judiciary chairman is the best lawyer who has ever served in senate of United States. This was agreed upon by Senator Biden who called Senator Specter, the finest lawyer of constitution in the country. This was laughter because; it is not in the country but in the senate. Torture hurts the image of United States to the whole world according to Senator Lindsey Graham. When United States wins the hearts and minds of the Arab world, this will be important for them to succeed in the world of terror. There are photographs that hurt their efforts. Gonzales refused every opportunity for repudiating the policies that brought about torture, it was agreed that, the person who was responsible for harming United States image is Abu Ghraib. This means that torture is unacceptable. (Miller, 2006). Dynamics of Torture According to united nation convention against torture, when people imagine torture, what they imagine is they being the victim. Perpetrator is seen as a sadist, diabolical in manner, someone inhuman, most likely male, foreign in accent and uncivilized. Yet the available evidence shows that, most of the torturers are normal people. We could be barbarians of our dreams as easy as we become victim. Many perpetrators take torture as a job and nothing more. In notorious case of police brutality, a prisoner was burned with a radiator and a cigarette; he then suffocated after the plastic bag was put over his head by police officers. His fingers, nose, ears and genitals were electro shocked. Goldstone argues that, the described type of abuse was not in any way limited to the usual beatings but went to esoteric areas such as planned torture and psychological techniques. Other members in the command were aware of systematic abuse and they actively participated in the same or failed to put that action to an end.   In torture of the republican sympathizers, Ordinary people become torturers and feel that society condone and protect the abuse and know who the victims are how their response to torture is and how citizens are bystanders who have the knowledge of what is happening and can never act. In totalitarian states, the appearance of torture in United States is thought to be free from that kind of thing. Many people want various places to be visited that are known to use torture; many people think torture is done in some backward civilization by ignorant and barely human people. But torture is something that everyone is capable of doing. Complicated perception of torture gives room for moments of identification with perpetrators and does not loose sight of moral center. There are two separate incidents of Israel raids into Palestine and questioning of the murder suspect in Chicago. Credible details were examined by policemen and torture was acknowledged as being necessary by the authority and was carried out methodically by policemen and soldiers. The torturers said that, extraordinary evil becomes an act which is casual to the torture when combination of personal frustrations and official duties are achieved. Any person can become torturer if he has the right opportunity, most torturers are bewildered by what has been done and their reluctance to accept full personal responsibility and how those seem to realize futility and inhumanity of the acts they have done. The important thing about unspeakable acts ordinary people is not in the unspeakable nature of neither act nor people ordinariness but the way people admit the torture fails to produce desired effects. The fact of torture being done and will continue to be performed despite available reasons is an argument which is very powerful. (Conroy, 2001) Torture for a Political Purpose Torture is used for political reasons, it is enforced through the policy of state and means of law administers it. It raises problems to people in the whole world and gives and indication of new responsibility. It is part of long struggle of mankind out of the shape of civilization that gives permission to full flowering of human rights. The state uses its powers to torture through the capacity it has to incarcerate and its monopoly on force. There are long campaigns of agitation that produce restraints which curtail them eventually. (Levinsion, 2004). The torture of prisoners under saddam Hussein was widespread and ended in death. This is also true with dozens of other regimes all over the world because torture is torture. It puts permanent scars in the victim even if reasonable marks are not seen in the body and other scars are left in the lives of those who perform it and those who allowed and encouraged it and these scars last for a long time. In Zimbabwe, independent journalists work under severe restrictions on whatever they report; those who criticized Mugabe in their article or offend the government are subject to arrest, imprisonment and are unofficially subject to torture. Every time a story is written, a journalist is likely to be arrested according to the words he used. Those words that do not please the government are not taken lightly and can result to arrest of the journalist. The European said, pressure against Mugabe would be increased if elections were stolen but have not done so because, there is a feeling that Zimbabwe crisis goes beyond responding to the diplomatic pressure. The united nation seems to be blind to the crisis, Security Council and human rights spoken and acted out against Mugabe’s tyranny. After Reeler requested human rights commission to help, they noted there were more killings in Gaza than Zimbabwe. Torture is used in punishment of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States are routinely treated as animals, they are brutalized and degraded. There are very few Americans who have raised their voices in the opposition to the shameful prison policies due to the inmates being viewed as being less than human. Torture is a vile and the dignity and right of individual is depraved, it is crime against humanity with no possible justification due to need to obtain information from a terrorist or a prisoner. It is sad because, in such instances, torture is inexcusable and overshadowed by due to the fact that it is regarded a punishment. (Miller, 2006) Social Context and Ethics of Torture   According to the United Nations convention against torture, prisoner abuse and other institutional violence blame a few isolated individuals. Social psychology put emphasis on the social contexts, which can make anyone confront, oppress and obey in abetting social behavior that is destructive. Meta analysis demonstrates quantitative reliability and imports of social context. The recent data indicates that the reaction to low status and oppositional out-group involves contempt, disgust and consistent with abuse. Together, social prejudices and social pressures are helpful in explaining recent scandals of abuse. Torture is never justifiable because, it depends on the context. A direct target of command of an enemy and control center with smart bomb with intention of killing is justifiable in combat. Even when you shoot an enemy, it is also justifiable in combat and nobody will have an argument that, when you kill somebody somehow, it causes less permanent damage than electrocution. However, in the torture of prisoners, they are in unique position and are not able to fight back. There are rules of protecting combatants so that they can surrender willingly. If an enemy can kill you or torture you if you surrender, you can fight to the last minute which cause loss of life. However, if intelligence indicates that major attacks averted by successful interrogation and holding back of information by prisoners can cause loss of life, then torture of last resort may be justified but not in a legal manner. It is unethical to take an action which is aggressive against a person with action that can result to loss of life. Legitimate government function is to protect the people from violence and force, if government consigns its people to death by protecting people who initiate violence, the government is failing in its responsibilities. We seek to offer protection to people who are innocent and protect their freedom. Sharia law tries to take our freedom away and enemies should not be allowed to achieve their goals. When we are not dealt with rationally, we can deal aggressively with initiators of war against us as the only moral response. Never initiate force but be against those who do and show them the true meaning of their violence. It is unethical if defenders shirk their duties to people through pulling punches with the people who would enslave and at the same time murder us. As we conduct ourselves in war on terror, we should always remember the meaning of true victory for the enemy. (Levinsion, 2004). Does Torture Work? Proponents insist that, it does while opponents say it doesn’t. The truth is somewhere between that it would give rise to key information in some cases, but it would be harmful in others. If a harsher interrogation yields valuable intelligence, the benefit must be weighed against enormous strategic cost. If reliability of a given argument is a wash, meaning no side will win, torture may or may not work as intended. The question that arises is the exact method that is used to extract information from suspects of terrorism and whether it is considered morally acceptable. Building trust is recommended method if there is enough time to build it. According to high court of justice in Israel, it was ruled that torture is illegal in spite of it being immediate threat to terrorist attack. If torture is used as last resort in order to save lives of enormous members, it should be done in the open; it should have accountability and be approved by Supreme Court of justice. Once torture is committed, the person should plead guilty to criminal charges. If there is a situation that is grave enough to give warrant resort to torture, it should be enough to loose job and go to jail. According to Palestinians detainees, there exists significant difference between abuse and methods used by Israel interrogators. In Israel they have rules and sophisticated techniques of breaking down prisoners. Prisoners are done much more than beatings. This is by going without food and sleep for three days which make them become eager to say anything. In social contract, an individual would surrender his liberty to exchange for protection but United States does not believe in that. Therefore, social contract is an agreement between government and people. (Miller, 2006). Are There Moral Justifications For Torture? Historically, psychologically and physically, torture is being used to suppress dissents, extract confession, force denunciation of other people, humiliate, punish and gather information. Torturers claim state of necessity. Other claim to get significant information that is why they justify torture. They emphasize on significance of information they gain than the torture itself. Torture is taken to be an evil that is necessary in fighting battle against greater evil. There exists information that is of moral significance and can only be discovered through torture. Torture is justified by state of necessity. The ticking time-bomb gives a crude utilitarian justification as to the use of torture. One man is tortured to save many innocent people. This serves as the basic claim of absolute prohibitionist. If one man can provide information about the timing of bombing, why not torture him in order to uncover information that is morally significant and of priority. If the information today justifies torture, there must be trained torturers and trainers and administrative and legal apparatus. Many professional say that there are better methods of obtaining actionable intelligence than by use of torture even if it is conducted under time constraints. When justifying morally significant information, it demands prior knowledge as to whether torture victim has information. Information must be actionable and avoid serious, imminent threat. For one to justify information using torture, the information must be previously unknown. It may not be meaningful information until someone has tortured, gotten the information and verified it for it to be meaningful. Should Torture Ever Be Justified? Failure to use interrogational torture is immoral and coldhearted. It is coldhearted because, in cases of true catastrophe, the failure to use preventive interrogative torture can lead to death of people who are innocent. When rights of suspects are upheld, it negates the rights and even the right to life of innocent people. Refusal to use torture is hypocritical especially when we are faced with serious threats to the life of Nation. Measures which are necessary in order to abate crisis should be taken. An uncompromising prohibition of torture may result to unrealistic standards that no one can wish to meet when in circumstances that are extremely exigent. (Miller, 2006) REFERENCES Miller S. (2006): Torture, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Stanford university. Levinson S. (2004): ethics and politics of torture: Oxford University press. Conroy J. (2001): the dynamics of torture: university of California press. RL 32276, the UN convention against torture: CRS report.