The main concept of globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The main concept of globalization - Essay Example Countries which are ethnocentric may challenge the concept of globalization. These are the countries that fill the category of traditional thinking. Countries which feel that they are independent of the rest of the world and they can exist very well in a closed economy. But the aspects of interdependency and being part of an open economy when it comes to globalization challenge these aspects of traditional thinking. The term started gaining popularity in late 1990's therefore it cannot be called a newly formed one. It is neither standard as the concept is fresh and new for people all over the world. Therefore, it would be justified to call it radical because it has far-reaching impact in the way things are done now. It has the power to bring many changes in the way countries deal with each other and in the way countries exist and operate. Industrial: Industrial globalization includes those production outlets where production is being done for foreign companies. Often, a garment company in USA might find it more cost-efficient to produce their clothing in a factory in China than in their own country. Financial: Financial markets have sprung up all over the world, each posing some benefits and opportunities to global investors. Investors who want to diversify their risk can go global when it comes to their money and finances and where it should be invested. Economic: The world is one global market now. Slippers made in Germany will be easily available to a consumer in India. The buying and selling of goods and services has become global with each company trying to cater to foreign buyers and fighting off global competitors. Political: Political globalization is when certain forums or communities are created which take the responsibility of regulating world politics and the politics that arise when nations interact with each other, whether in the financial, economic or industrial market. Cultural: the concept of "world culture" is emerging nowadays. A concept whereby all the cultures of the world are welcome and intercultural diversity is not neglected. People are getting to know each other's culture more than ever before. The diffusion of different cultures into each other also comes under cultural globalization. Social: social globalization is the acceptance of norms, values and beliefs of another country into one's own country. For example, supposing, gender inequality might

The Native American Medicine Man Essay Example for Free

The Native American Medicine Man Essay The Native American medicine man, also known as a shaman (modern term), priest, healer, and even a â€Å"Star Being† were known to be the spiritual leaders of Native American cultures. Each medicine man was unique in his own way simply because each Native American tribe had their own origin of spirituality and religious beliefs. Each medicine man had their own theory on how to rid people of their troubles and ease their pain when they were ill or in some sort of distress. In this research paper I will be examining different medicine man practices and beliefs from the Native American tribes of the Cheyenne, Iroquois, and the Sioux Indians. I will be discussing some of the most common illnesses that Native Americans faced among their tribes and what the medicine men or women did to help. I will also be discussing the different resources the medicine man used, including plants for herbal remedies and other objects, in his method of curing or helping a patient; and lastly I will be discussing how some techniques have been modernized and are still used today. To begin with our observation, let us start by understanding more about the medicine man himself and how the medicine man was perceived amongst his tribe. Even though each medicine man was unique in his practices, each medicine man shared a common adoration amongst their tribal members. In general, tribes have many similarities in regards to medical practices, but the actual methods used differ with the tribe and their locations, as well as with individual healers themselves. â€Å"Magic, prayers, songs, exhortation, suggestion, ceremonies, fetishes, and certain specifics and mechanical processes are employed only by the medicine-men or medicine-women; other specific remedies or procedures are proprietary, generally among a few old women in the tribe; while many vegetal remedies and simple manipulations are of common knowledge in a given locality. † The medicine man was not relied on to hunt and fish for food like other tribesmen were. The medicine man was more useful when he could be out spreading his tribes’ religious beliefs to others as well as bringing peace to those troubled or ill. The medicine man was much like our modern day doctor, priest, psychiatrist, and counselor all rolled up into one big package that was relied on to heal not only a person’s body but also a person’s spirit. He even sometimes served as a middle man to bring peace between humans troubled with other humans. The medicine man was like a virtual bridge between the natural world and the spiritual world for the benefit of his community. Practices and Beliefs As stated above, different techniques of healing were involved in a medicine man’smethods: Magic, prayers, songs and ceremonies were the most common. Magicwas used to oppose an alleged harmful influence, such as spirits of the dead, mythical animals, etc. Prayers in contrast, often addressed good spirits as the medicine man would try to call upon their aid while he was attending his patient. Healing songs consisted of prayers or exhortations and were sung. Loud ranting wasalso done to ward off evil spirits that wereknown to cause sickness; the loud noises was saidto frighten such evil spirits away. Ceremonies meant to cure a patient usually combined all or most of the techniques mentioned above. Some of them, as described about the Navaho Indians, were very complicated, drawn out, and tended to be costly. 3 â€Å"The fetishes used are peculiarly shaped stones or wooden objects, lightning-riven wood, feathers, claws, hair, figurines of mythic animals, representations of the sun, of lightning, etc, and are supposed to embody a mysterious power capable of preventing disease or of counteracting its effects. †3 Dieting and total self-restraint from food were also forms of treatment in some various localities. Cheyenne Indians. The Cheyenne Indians are known to be one of the most westerly tribes; at first they were located on the Cheyenne (obviously where they got their name), which is a branch of the Red River of the North. As they were driven by the Sioux Indians, they began to occupy beyond the Missouri, and eventually ending up near the Black Hills after being driven there near the end of the eighteenth century. The medicine man was a very important person for the Cheyenne. He was like a combination of a doctor, a priest, and a healer both of the body and of the spirit. He, like other medicine men not only knew about the proper use of native plants in his surrounding area that had medicinal properties, but he also knew various ceremonies, chants, and songs which were supposed to wield magical powers for the benefit of individuals or for the whole tribe. He, like other medicine men, accepted items for trade as a method of payment instead of U. S. currency. There are many types of religious beliefs and traditions passed on through generations that may influence the way the medicine man may aid those who are in need. The Cheyenne for example, believed in spirit beings which resided in our universe (which they called the universe to Hestanov) and their holiness was comparative to their relationship to their believed creator of all physical and spiritual life, Ma’heo’o. â€Å"In Cheyenne religious expressions, aspects of these spirit-beings or the spirit-beings themselves are entwined symbolically with plant and animal forms portrayed in Cheyenne ceremonies. Many Cheyenne today view the worlds ecological crisis as an end to Hestanov. † Disease came from both natural and supernatural causes for the Cheyenne. Curing techniques involved the use of herbal and root remedies, ritual purification, the sweat lodge, smoking, prayer, and sometimes surgery. Both men and women were healers. Treatment of sickness was designed to restore the patient not only biologically but spiritually as well. 8 Iroquois Indians The Iroquois Indians consisted of six tribes which were under one confederation: The Mohawk Indians, the Seneca, the Oneida, the Cayuga, the Onondaga, and the Tuscarora. The Iroquois tribes were spread throughout much of what we now call New York. The Iroquois Indians also believed in spirit-beings. They believed that plagues and diseases were caused by evil spirits; they attempted to cure the sick by holding a religious festival to ask for the aid of their great spirit to rid their people of the bad spirits. They also believe that disease can infect a person simply from not fulfilling their dreams or their desires. They believe that sometimes a person’s dreams can reveal what caused the disease, information which they used to cure the patient. To touch more on the basis of the Iroquois people’s belief in dreams (as this was a large part of their healing practices), they viewed dreams as â€Å"experiences of the soul in which we may travel outside the body, across time and space, and into other dimensionsor receive visitations from ancestors or spiritual guides†. They also believed that dreams revealed the wishes of one’s soul, which would dig deeper, beyond our own personal goals and those of others entwined with ours, to create a more spirited life. They believe that dreams also allow us to find â€Å"where our vital soul energy may have gone missingthrough pain or trauma or heartbreakand how to get it back. †7 Aside from their strong reliance from dreams, one of the most interesting objects that the Iroquois used during their healing rituals were wooden masks which were used to invoke spirits and the dream world. The healing ritual started off by telling the legendary history of how the mask came to be, the tribal members wearing the masks (known as the False Face Society members) would go through homes looking for anyone who is diseased or ill. If a sick person is found, they would perform the healing ritual which consisted of using rattles made out of turtle shells and blown ashes from tobacco. The ritual dancing continued throughout the ceremony and ended with a ceremonial ash blowing and finalized it with a feast. These rituals were known to be performed three main times during the year, and smaller ceremonies were held whenever an ill person requested or required it. 7 Navajo Indians The Navajo Indians were mainly located in the southwestern part of the United States, near Arizona and New Mexico. The medicine man of the Navajo culture was extremely important. The medicine man was not expected to just heal the ill and the injured, but he was also expected to hold the knowledge of their heritage, their traditions, and their beliefs of the Navajo culture. When the medicine man was called to perform a healing ceremony, he would come to heal and also come to tell the story of their people and how they emerged into this world. The medicine man of the Navajo Indians (as well as other medicine men) had a lot of knowledge he was expected to hold. He was expected to spend many hours learning different ceremonial procedures (usually a total of three). He was expected to learn songs and prayers, which none of the wording could be missed or only bad things could happen to the patient. He was expected to learn about many different types of herbs; as well as be expected to go out and gather the items he needed for his sacred medicine bag. He was also expected to purify himself by spending many hours with deep thoughts in a sweat hut. ; and he was also expected to have faith in the Great Spirit and in himself, all of which he needed to be able to successfully heal. The Navajo medicine man performed and learned several different ceremonies. Other than using the ceremonies to heal the ill, provide strength, and restore vitality to a patient; ceremonies were also held to celebrate a girls puberty called the Beauty Way ceremony and to celebrate a babys first laugh called the Hooghan Blessin Ceremony. Navajo ceremonies were basically held to restore ones beauty, harmony, balance, and ones health. There are said to be approximately fifty-eight to sixty sacred ceremonies. Most of them last four days or more; to be most effective, they require that relatives and friends attend and help out. Outsiders are often discouraged from participating in case they become a burden to others or violate a taboo. This could affect the turnout of the ceremony. The ceremony must be done in precisely the correct manner to heal the patient. This includes everyone that is involved. 14 Aside from the ceremonies (which seems to be the most popular form of healing for the Navajo), the medicine man would use several different methods to find out what the diagnoses is on a patient. He used objects such as crystal rocks or used a chanting prayer while he shook his hands over the patients body, reciting healing chants for whatever ailment he suspected the patient to have, sometimes the chant would last a few hours. Common Ailments/Diseases Some possible causes of ailments could be the result of violating taboos believed by their Native American cultures. Contact with lightning-struck objects for example, or being exposed to animals such as snakes which were considered to be a taboo animal, or even being in contact with the dead were some of reasons that required healing and chants. Warriors often suffered spiritual and psychological damage from taking part in warfare. They would come back and a ceremony called the Enemy Way Ceremony would be performed in order to help restore the harmony back to the person, both mentally and emotionally. Curses were other reasons the medicine man would need to attend a patient. It wasnt until the European colonizations arrived that diseases the Native Americans could not control began to take hold of thousands upon thousands of lives. Before the Europeans arrived, the most common ailments were common colds, injuries, violating local taboos, psychological injuries, and those which were believed to be invoked by both good and bad spirits. After the Europeans arrived, the Native Americans had no immunity towards the most deadly disease, smallpox. Smallpox seemed to have come in waves, even destroying entire villages, not only because Native Americans had no immunity, but because they did not know how to treat the disease either. Other common diseases at that time were scarlet fever, cholera, influenza, whooping cough, and many more. Resources Used for Curing Many plants were used for herbal remedies to cure those who were ill. Some plants were used as remedies without any thought as to what they actually did for the patient. Every tribe were aware of what the poisonous plants were in their surrounding areas, as well as their antidotes. Roots, occasionally twigs, leaves, bark, flowers and seeds were the most common plant parts used. The plants could be either fresh or dry, and most commonly the medicine man would extract the main ingredient he needed out of the plant. Generally only a single plant would need to be used, but among some Indians as many as four plants would be combined for a single medicine. 2 Animal and mineral substances were also occasionally used as remedies. Among Southwestern tribes the bite of a snake was often treated by applying to the wound a portion of the ventral surface of the body of the same snake. 2 Other animals used for remedies include: crickets, lizards, and spiders eggs. Navajo Indians as well as some other Indian tribes used reddish-orange earthy iron oxide combined with fat to apply externally to prevent sunburn. The red, barren clay from beneath a campfire was used by White Mountain Apache women to induce sterility; the Hopi blow charcoal, ashes, or other products of fire on an inflamed surface to counteract the supposed fire which causes the ailment. 2 Objects were also used to help cure ailments. One object, for example, was used in Blackfeet Indians ceremonies was called a sacred medicine bundle, which the medicine man used and was expected to sing four hundred lengthy chants without missing a word or getting a stanza out of place. 2 Rattles were also used to aid with chants, as well as other miscellaneous objects that the medicine man felt would help call the Great Spirits for aid. Related Methods Used Today Presently, most Native Americans use modern medicine to cure afflictions, but native healers are still used by many people today. There are hospitals located on Indian reservations where modern day Native American doctors still perform healing chants to their patients. Other methods of healing, such as aromatherapy, is said to derive from Native Americans because with aromatherapy, candles, oils, and different things which produce a scent can alter ones mood as well as enhance the body, the mind, and the spirit. Many of the herbs used by Native Americans are the ones you can actually find in aspirin and other medications today. Many ingredients used in various modern medications are actually derived from Native American cultures. 17 Several over- the counter and prescription drugs contain ingredients such as taxol, ergot, and vincristine, which were derived from Native American medicinal herbs. The OAM reported that cough drops that contain menthol, mint, horehound, or lemons are herbal preparations; chamomile and mint teas taken for digestion or a nervous stomach are time- honored herbal remedies; and many simple but effective OTC ache- and pain- relieving preparations on every druggists or grocers shelf contain oils of camphor, menthol, or eucalyptus. Millions of Americans greet the morning with their favorite herbal stimulant coffee. 17 Conclusion Native American medicine men have played a huge role in my mind when it comes to our modern day medical treatments. Without their knowledge of our natural plant and animal resources, I believe it would have taken us quite a few more years before we would have discovered vaccinations for smallpox and treatments for other illnesses. I think we, decedents of our European ancestors, still greatly underestimate the knowledge of Native Americans†¦ even to this day. Native Americans kept themselves healthy and free of major epidemics of disease until the Europeans settled on their land. Before medical technology became available, doctors relied on the Native American knowledge of nature and natural resources to cure a persons illnesses. People started to depend heavily on the modern medical technology; forgetting about their roots in their Native American cultures. Advanced technology and improved medical ways seems to have made some people forget to thank and remember the Native American Indians who gave them their beginning knowledge to begin with. * Bibliography Cheyenne- Religion and Expressive Culture. http://www. everyculture. com/North-America/Cheyenne-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture. html (accessed May 16, 2011). Handbook of American Indians, 1906. Access Genealogy. 1999-2011. http://www. accessgenealogy. com/native/tribes/history/indianmedicine. htm (accessed May 16, 2011). Iverson, Peter, Jennifer Nez Denetdale, and Ada E. Deer. The Navajo. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2006. Lippert, Dorothy, and Stephen J Spignesi. Native American History For Dummies. Hoboken: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2008. Mazaska Enterprises, LTD. Indian medicine men, spiritual leaders, priests and shamans. AAANativeArts. com. 1999-2005. http://www. aaanativearts. com/medicine_men. htm (accessed May 16, 2011). Michaele. Support Native American Art. 2010. http://www. support-native-american-art. com/iroquois-masks. html (accessed May 15, 2011). Moss, Robert. Dreamways of the Iroquois: Honoring the Secret Wishes of the Soul. Rochester: Destiny Books, 2004. Native Languages of the Americas. Native Languages of the Americas: Native American Cultlures. 1998-2011. http://www. bigorrin. org/mohawk_kids. htm (accessed May 15, 2011). Navajo Tourism. Discover Navajo. 2008. http://discovernavajo. com/a11. html (accessed May 16, 2011). Paul. Son of the South. 2003-2008. http://www. sonofthesouth. net/american-indians/cheyenne-indians. htm (accessed May 15, 2011). Primitive Concept of Disease. University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. XXXII, 1932. Sandner, Donald. Navaho symbols of healing: a Jungian exploration of ritual, image, and medicine. Rochester: Healing Arts Press, 1991. Terpning, Howard. Medicine Man of the Cheyenne. National Academy of Western Art. Swoyers Fine Art Collections. The Study of Native Americans. February 11, 1998. http://inkido. indiana. edu/w310work/romac/native. htm (accessed May 16, 2011). Wolf, Melinda. Alternative Medicine: A journey to proactive healthcare. CNI Newspapers , 1999. [ 1 ]. (Terpning n. d. ) [ 2 ]. (Mazaska Enterprises, LTD 1999-2005) [ 3 ]. (Handbook of American Indians, 1906 1999-2011) [ 4 ]. (Paul 2003-2008) [ 5 ]. (Terpning n. d. ) [ 6 ]. (Cheyenne- Religion and Expressive Culture n. d. ) [ 7 ]. (Native Languages of the Americas 1998-2011) [ 8 ]. (Primitive Concept of Disease 1932) [ 9 ]. (Moss 2004) [ 10 ]. (Michaele 2010) [ 11 ]. (The Study of Native Americans 1998) [ 12 ]. (Navajo Tourism 2008) [ 13 ]. (Navajo Tourism 2008) [ 14 ]. (Iverson, Nez Denetdale and Deer 2006).

Leadership :: essays research papers

What Makes a Leader In this landmark article, Daniel Goleman, the premier expert in the emotional intelligence movement, author of Emotional Intelligence (Bantam, 1995) and Working With Emotional Intelligence (Bantam, 1998) and co-chairman of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, based at Rutgers UniversityÆs Graduate School of Applied Psychology, describes why emotional intelligence is the crucial component of leadership, and how it shows itself at work. The author also describes how emotional intelligence can be enhanced by a distinctly different approach to human resource training. Superb leaders have very different ways of directing a team, a division, or a company. Some are subdued and analytical; others are charismatic and go with their gut. And different situations call for different types of leadership. Most mergers need a sensitive negotiator at the helm, whereas many turnarounds require a more forceful kind of authority. The author has found, however, that effective leaders are alike in one crucial way: they all have a high degree of what has come to be known as emotional intelligence. In fact, GolemanÆs research at nearly 200 large, global companies revealed that emotional intelligence--especially at the highest levels of a company--is the sine qua non for leadership. Without it, a person can have first-class training, an incisive mind, and an endless supply of good ideas, but he still wonÆt make a great leader. The components of emotional intelligence--self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill--can sound unbusinesslike. But exhibiting emotional intelligence at the workplace does not mean simply controlling your anger or getting along with people. Rather, it means understanding your own and other peopleÆs emotional makeup well enough to move people in the direction of accomplishing your companyÆs goals. Leadership :: essays research papers What Makes a Leader In this landmark article, Daniel Goleman, the premier expert in the emotional intelligence movement, author of Emotional Intelligence (Bantam, 1995) and Working With Emotional Intelligence (Bantam, 1998) and co-chairman of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, based at Rutgers UniversityÆs Graduate School of Applied Psychology, describes why emotional intelligence is the crucial component of leadership, and how it shows itself at work. The author also describes how emotional intelligence can be enhanced by a distinctly different approach to human resource training. Superb leaders have very different ways of directing a team, a division, or a company. Some are subdued and analytical; others are charismatic and go with their gut. And different situations call for different types of leadership. Most mergers need a sensitive negotiator at the helm, whereas many turnarounds require a more forceful kind of authority. The author has found, however, that effective leaders are alike in one crucial way: they all have a high degree of what has come to be known as emotional intelligence. In fact, GolemanÆs research at nearly 200 large, global companies revealed that emotional intelligence--especially at the highest levels of a company--is the sine qua non for leadership. Without it, a person can have first-class training, an incisive mind, and an endless supply of good ideas, but he still wonÆt make a great leader. The components of emotional intelligence--self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill--can sound unbusinesslike. But exhibiting emotional intelligence at the workplace does not mean simply controlling your anger or getting along with people. Rather, it means understanding your own and other peopleÆs emotional makeup well enough to move people in the direction of accomplishing your companyÆs goals.

Letter of Advice… Interpersonal Communication Essay

This a great article with good advice on how to communicate with your husband, wife or partner for the future. Without Communication there will not be a happy and long lasting result in a marriage. Within reading this article I was able to relate the knowledge with my own marriage of 5 long years. Learning how to communicate within listen as well as my tone and other forms to communicate has been susceptible for us. There has been along hard battle to fight through my ordeal, but the lessons of reading and responding with the actions have been very tolerable. I have had a very bad problem beening lonely after my children went to college and after I closed my business. Drawing more to my husband, I felt he was pulling away from me. There was not a day went by that I feel deeper in a depression without communicating that with him, I just assumed he would have noticed. Now after talking the problem out and with quality time as well things are much better. Being able to relate to â€Å"Many couples think they are communicating with each other†, they are wrong at times, because I was that person. Within the statement, â€Å"Romantic relationships begin with a lot of sharing and excitement, (Terri Orbuch) I feel this is very true, because that’s why you get married. But, as time goes on other things take place within priorities before you mate. I blame this on life sometimes. Self-disclosure really is an important key to having satisfaction in a marriage even or a relationship, because it is an act of verbally or nonverbally revealing information about you to others. Within revealing your true thoughts and self you may allow other people to know the â€Å"real you† and not your public personality, which often leads to building the relationship to higher levels of communication. Self-disclosure is what your spouse will be entitled to that knowledge. When it comes to gender differences, there really is a level of expression that women and men have to different. When you make a connection and are able to understand how interpersonal communication works, you are better able to express and reveal information about the inner you. I have noticed that my husband keeps a lot of things bottled up on the inside and I really try to get him to talk about things. But within recognizing my husband’s stand on issues, I don’t push too hard. Gender roles are even greater over the years as men and women both have trouble in expressing their feelings, but if we learn to communicate better things will be easier. After all, we just want to be loved and cared for by our spouse. Unfortunately, I believe I have loved, lost, and lived to love again through our time together. I believe with time, exploring, and the use of self-disclosure that my husband and I will find our way back to an exciting new beginning to share with our extended family through generalization. I fit into the category because many relationships are typical. All arguments and issue seems to be the same, only to be in a different scenario. Communication plays a valuable role in our relationships one that leads to a long-lasting and healthy marriage. Some good advice is to make the best of every opportunity while having fun and loving the person you are with right now.

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 6

Because there's no point. She's as good as dead already.† Jeanne's expression was as hard andclosedas it had been in the beginning. â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Can't you see? She'd slow us down. There's noway she could run without help. And besides that,P.J. says she's blind.† Blind. A new little shock went though Maggie.What would that be like, to be in this situation andsick and blind on top of it? She tugged on the girl's shoulder gently, tryingto see the averted face. But she's beautiful. The girl had smooth skin the color of coffee with cream, delicate features, high cheekbones, perfectlips. Her black hair was pulled into a loose, glossyknot on her neck. Her eyes were shut, long eye lashes tremblingas if she were dreaming. It was more than just the physical features,though. There was a serenity about this girl's face,a gentleness and stillness that was †¦ unique. â€Å"Hey, there,† Maggie said softly. â€Å"Can you hearme? I'm Maggie. What's your name?† The girl's eyelashes fluttered; her lips parted. ToMaggie's surprise, she murmured something. Maggie had to lean down close to catch it. â€Å"Arcadia?† she repeated. It was a strange name; she wasn't sure she'd heard right. The girl seemed to nod, murmuring again. She can hear me, Maggie thought. She canrespond. â€Å"Okay. Can I call you Cady? Listen to me, Cady.†Maggie shook the girl's shoulder slightly. â€Å"We're ina bad place but we're going to try to escape. If we help you out, do you think you can run?† Again, the eyelashes fluttered. Then the eyesopened. Doe eyes, Maggie thought, startled. They wereextraordinarily large and clear, a warm brown withan inner radiance. And they might be blind, butMaggie had the oddest sensation that she had justbeen seen more clearly than ever before in her life. â€Å"I'll try,† Cady murmured. She sounded dazedand in pain, but quietly rational. â€Å"Sometimes I feelstrong for a little while.† She pushed herself up. Maggie had to help her get into a sitting position. She's tall. But she's pretty light†¦and I've gotgood muscles. I can support her. â€Å"What are you doing?†Jeanne said in a voice thatwas not just harsh and impatient but horrified. â€Å"Don't you see? You're only making it worse. You should just have let her sleep.† Maggie glanced up. â€Å"Look. I don't know whatyou're thinking, but we can't leave anybody with them. How would you like to be left behind if itwas you?† Jeanne's face changed. For a moment, she lookedmore like a savage animal than a girl. â€Å"I'd understand,† she snarled. â€Å"Because that's the way it has to be. It's the law of the jungle, here. Only strongpeople survive. The weak ones †¦ .†She shook her head. â€Å"They're better off dead. And the faster youlearn that, the more chance you'll have.† Maggie felt a spurt of horror and anger-and,fear. Because Jeanne clearly knew the most about this place, and Jeanne might be right. They mightall get caught because of one weak person who wouldn't make it anyway†¦. She turned and looked at the lovely face again.Arcadia was Miles's age, eighteen or nineteen. And although she seemed to hear what Jeanne was say ing-she'd turned her face that way-she didn'tspeak or argue. She didn't lose her still gentleness, either. I can't leave her. What if Miles is alive but hurtsomewhere, and somebody won't help him? Maggie shot a glance at P.J. in her baseball cap.She was young-she might be able to take care ofherself, but that was all. â€Å"Look, this isn't your problem,† she finally saidto Jeanne. â€Å"You just help P.J. get away safe, okay?You take care of her, and III be responsible for Cady.† â€Å"You'll be caught with Cady,† Jeanne said flatly.†Don't worry about it.† â€Å"I'm not. And I'm telling you right now; I'm notgoing to help you if you get in trouble.† â€Å"I don't want you to,† Maggie said. She lookedright into Jeanne's angry eyes. â€Å"Really. I don't wantto wreck your chances, okay? But I'm not going toleave her.† Jeanne looked furious for another moment; thenshe shrugged. All the emotion drained from herface as if she were deliberately distancing herself.The bond she and Maggie had shared for that brief moment was severed. She turned, looked through a crack behind her,then turned back. â€Å"Fine,† she said in a dull, indifferent tone. â€Å"Whatever you're going to do, you'd better get ready todo it now. Because the place is coming right up.† â€Å"Ready?† Maggie said. They were all standing-or crouching, actually,since there wasn't room to straighten up-withtheir backs against the walls of the cart. Jeanneand P.J. on one side, Maggie on the other, with Cady in the corner. â€Å"When I say go, you guys jump over here. Thenall of us throw ourselves back that way,† Maggie whispered. Jeanne was peering out of the crack. â€Å"Okay, thisis it,† she said. â€Å"Now.† Maggie said,†Go!† She had been a little worried that P.J. would freeze. But the moment the word was out of Maggie's mouth, Jeanne launched herself across thecart, crashing heavily into her, and P.J. followed. ThecartrockedsurprisinglyhardandMaggieheard the groan of wood. â€Å"Back!† she yelled, and everybody lunged the other way. Maggie hit a solid wall and knew shewould have bruises, but the cart rocked again. â€Å"Come on!† she yelled, and realized that they were all already coming on, throwing themselvesto the other side in perfect sync. It was as if someflocking instinct had taken over and they were all three moving as one, throwing their weight alter nately back and forth. And the cart was responding, grinding to a halt and lurching off balance. It was like one of thoseparty tricks where five or six people each use only two fingers to lift someone on a chair. Their combined force was impressive. But not enough to tip the cart over. It was surprisingly well-balanced. And at any minute, Maggie realized, the people driving it were going to jumpout and put a stop to it. â€Å"Everybody-come on! Really hard! Really hard!†She was yelling as if she were encouraging her soccer team. â€Å"We've got to do it, now.† She launched herself at the other side as the cartbegan to sway that way, jumping as highas shecould, hitting the wallas it reached the farthestpoint of its rock. She could feel the other girlsflinging themselves with her, she could hear Jeanne giving a primal yell as she crashed into the wood. And then there was a splintering sound, amazingly loud, amazingly long. A sort of groaning and shrieking that came from the wood itself, and aneven louder scream of panic that Maggie realizedmust have come from the horses. The whole world was,Run, Maggie thought. Stop looking now. Run. She ran into the forest, dragging Cady with her. They had to find a place to hide – underbrush or something. Maybe they could climb a tree†¦. But one look at Cady and she realized how stupid thatidea was. The smooth skin of the girl's facewas clammy and luminous with sweat, her eyeswere half shut, and her chest was heaving. At least Jeanne and P.J. got away, Maggiethought. Just then there was a crashing behind her, and a voice cursing. Maggie threw another glance backand found herself staring at a man's figure in the mist. A scary man. The mist swirling behind him madehim look eerie, supernatural, but it was more thanthat. He was huge,with shouldersasbroad as a two-by-four, a massive chest, and heavily muscledarms. His waist was surprisingly narrow. His face was cruel. â€Å"Gavin! I've got two of them!† he shouted.Maggie didn't wait to hear more. She took offlike a black-tailed deer. And for a long time after that it was just a nightmare of running and being chased, stopping sometimes when she couldn't hold Cady up anymore, looking for places to hide. At one point, she andCady were pressed together inside a hollow tree,trying desperately to get their breath back withoutmaking a sound, when their pursuers passed right by them. Maggie heard the crunch and squish offootsteps on ferns and started praying. She couldfeel Cady's heart beating hard, shaking them both, she realized that Cady's lips were moving soundlessly. Maybe she's praying, too, Maggie thought,t, andapplied her eye to a crack in the tree. There were two people there, horribly close, justa few feet away. One was the man she'd seen before he was doing something bizarre, somethingthat sent chills up her spine. He was turning his face this way and that with his eyes shut, his head twisting on a surprisingly long and supple neck. As if he's smellingus out, Maggie thought, horrified. Eyes still shut, the man said, â€Å"Do you sense anything?† â€Å"No. I can't feel them at all. And I can't see them,with these trees for cover.† It was a younger manwho spoke, a boy really. He must be Gavin, Maggiethought. Gavin had dark blond hair, a thin nose, a sharp chin. His voice was impatient. â€Å"I can't feel them either,† the big man said flatly,refusing to be hurried. â€Å"And that's strange. Theycan't have gotten too far away. They must beblocking us.† â€Å"I don't care what they're doing,† Gavin said.†We'd better get them back fast. It's not like theywere ordinary slaves. If we don tdeliver that maiden we're dead. You're dead, Bern.† Maiden? Maggie thought. I guess in a placewhere they have slaves it's not weird to talk aboutmaidens. But which girl does he mean? Not me;I'm not important. â€Å"We'll get her back,† Bern was saying. â€Å"We'd better,† Gavin said viciously. â€Å"Or I'm goingto tell her that it was your fault. We were supposedto make sure this didn't happen.† â€Å"It hasn't happened yet,† Bern said. He turned onhis heel and walked into the mist. Gavin staredafter him for a moment, and then followed. Maggie let out her breath. She realized that Cady's lips had stopped moving. â€Å"Let's go,† she whispered, and took off in the opposite direction to the one the men had gone. Then there was a time of endless running andpausing and listening and hiding. The forest was aterrible place. Around them was eerie twilight,made even spookier by the mist that lay in hollowsand crept over fallen trees. Maggie felt as if she were in some awful fairy tale. The only good thingwas that the dampness softened their footsteps,making it hard to track them. But it was so quiet. No ravens, no gray jays. No deer. Just the mist and the trees, going on forever.And then it ended. Maggie and Cady suddenly burst out into an-.other meadow. Maggie gavea frantic glancearound, looking for shelter. Nothing. The mist was thinner here, she could see that there were no trees ahead, only an outcrop of rocks. Maybe we should double back†¦. But the voices were shouting in the forest behind them. Above the rocks was a barren ledge. It lookedlike the end of a path, winding the other way down the mountain. If we could get there, we'd be safe, Maggiethought. We could be around the corner in a minute, and out of sight. Dragging Cady, she headed for the rocks. Theydidn't belong here; they were huge granite boulders deposited by some ancient glacier. Maggie clambered up the side of one easily, then leaned down. â€Å"Give me your hand,† she said rapidly. â€Å"There sa path up above us, but we've got to climb a little.† Cady looked at her. Or-not looked, Maggie supposed. But she turned her face toward Maggie, and once again Maggie had the odd feeling that those blind eyescould somehow see better than most people's. â€Å"You should leave me,† Cady said. â€Å"Don't be stupid,† Maggie said. â€Å"Hurry up, giveme your hand.† Cady shook her head. â€Å"You go,† she said quietly.She seemed completely rational-and absolutely exhausted. She hadn't lost the tranquility whichhad infused her from the beginning, but now itseemed mixed with a gentle resignation. Her fineboned face was drawn with weariness. â€Å"I`ll justslow you down. And if I stay here, you'll have moretime to get away.† â€Å"I'm not going to leave you!† Maggie snapped.†Come on!† Arcadia remained for just a second, her faceturned up to Maggie's, then her clear and luminousbrown eyes filled. Her expression was one of inexpressible tenderness. Then she shook her headslightly and grabbed Maggie's hand-very accurately. Maggie didn't waste. time. She climbed as fastasshe could, pulling Cady, rapping out breathless instructions. But the delay had cost them. She could hear the men getting nearer. And when she reached the far end of the pile ofboulders she saw something that sent shock waves through her system. She was looking up a barren cliff face. There wasno connection from the rocks to the ledge above.And below her, the hillside dropped off steeply, ahundred feet down into a gorge. She'd led Cady right into a trap. There was nowhere else to go.

Sarah Vaughan essays

Sarah Vaughan essays Known as one of the most influential artists in jazz. Sarah Lois Vaughan is an unforgettable legend. Sarah Vaughan was born March 27, 1924, in Newark, NJ, to Ashbury and Ada Vaughan, a carpenter and a laundress. Despite their occupations, Sarahs parents were also musicians in their spare time. Sarahs musical journey began with her parents love for music. Influenced by her mother, Sarah began taking piano at age seven and organ at age eight. Like most African Americans, Sarahs musical ability was nurtured and cultivated in the black church. The Vaughan family attended the Mount Zion Baptist Church where Sarah was the church organist. Sarahs love for music grew stronger during the early years of her life as she listened to artists such as Count Basie and Erskine Hawkins. She later attended East Side Music By the time Sarah was an adolescent, she had already began frequenting local clubs and theaters. It was at this time that she began to travel to Harlem to frequent the Savoy Ballroom and the Apollo Theatre (Contemporary). In 1942, Sarah participated in the Apollo Amateur Night Contest in Harlem; she sang Body and Soul. It was at this time, that Billy Eckstine, a member of Earl Fatha Hines band, discovered her (Website: Black Achievers). By winning the Apollo Amateur Night, Sarah was placed into history immediately. She had gained an opportunity to join the ranks of performers who preceded her and to make a career out of that opportunity. Whitney Balliett describes Sarahs talent in the July, 1977 issue of the New Yorker Magazine : "Her voice, which has four octaves and out-classes that of most operatic sopranos, came in unequal parts, a rich middle section, a little-girl high register, and a sometimes vulgar, an echoing bottom range. She uses it like a horn . . . " ...

Factors That Affect Velocity Essay Example

Factors That Affect Velocity Essay Example Factors That Affect Velocity Essay Factors That Affect Velocity Essay Aim: The aim of this experiment is to see how velocity is affected by the height of the plane (angle) and the distance travelled.Hypothesis:I predict that as the height of the plane increases, the velocity of the dynamic trolley will also increase. This is because: mgh = 1/2mvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½* m = mass (in kilograms)* g = gravitational acceleration of the earth* h = height above earths surface (in meters)* v = velocity (in meters/sec)From the equation, you can see that as height increases, velocity will also increase and vice versa. As the velocity increases there will be more air resistance but the frictional force against the dynamic trolley will remain the same, therefore the resistive forces will not be enough to counteract the increase in speed.I also think that the velocity will increase when the distance that the trolley has to travel is increased. Air resistance and the frictional forces against the trolley will increase.Apparatus:* Clamp* Inclined plane* Stand* Foam barrier* Lig ht gate* Data harvester* Dynamic trolleyApparatus Diagram:Method:In this experiment I aim to find out how height and distance affect velocity. I shall do this by setting up an experiment involving a light gate and a dynamic trolley. The light gate is a more accurate method of measuring the time it takes the trolley to travel a certain distance, than using a timer/stop watch. To keep the experiment as fair as possible, I will only change one variable at a time. Each experiment will be repeated three times and an average result will be calculated to obtain more accurate data.For the first part of the experiment I will only vary the height, by clamping the inclined plane higher. I will release the dynamic trolley at the same point each time on the inclined plane. The same trolley will be used for each experiment so that the mass is kept constant and therefore is not a variable.For the second part of the experiment I will vary the distance that the dynamic trolley has to travel by movin g the light gate to different points along the plane.Safety:There are a few safety precautions that need to be taken to make sure that the trolley does not break or cause any injuries. Placing a foam barrier at the bottom of the ramp should absorb the impact of the trolley and dissipate any harmful forces. Another precaution is making sure that the apparatus is securely placed so that it does not unintentionally fall and cause injury.Results:Table 1: showing the velocity of the trolley at different heights.Height (m)sinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Velocity1 (m/s)Velocity2 (m/s)Velocity3 (m/s)Average Velocity (m/s)Velocityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)0.100.0561.0731.0891.0891.0841.1740.150.0831.4461.4391.4431.4432.0810.200.1111.6551.6691.6751.6662.7770.250.1392.0132.0212.0082.0144.0560.300.1672.1232.1042.1032.114.4520.350.1942.3132.3072.292.3035.3050.400.2222.442.4342.4472.445.955sinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was calculated by: (opposite/hypotenuse)= (height/1.8)Table 2: shows the velocity of the trolley when travelling different distances.Length (m)Velocity1 (m/s)Velocity2 (m/s)Velocity3 (m/s)Average Velocity (m/s)0.20.7980.7840.7780.7870.40.9820.9740.9680.9750.61.1431.1491.141.1440.81.2731.281.2771.27711.4021.4091.4111.4071.21.6331.6271.6311.631.41.5691.5981.5691.5791.61.5731.5751.5761.5751.81.661.6791.6711.67Analysis:Graph 1: the relationship of the velocity squared (và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) of the trolley with the height of the plane.Graph 2: the relationship of the velocity squared of the trolley when the height of the plane is changed.Graph 3: shows how the velocity of the trolley is affected by the distance travelled.Evaluation:Graph 1 shows that the velocity squared (và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) increases as the height of the ramp increases and therefore my hypothesis is proved correct. This can be explained by the principle of conservation of energy which states that energy cannot neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed into other forms. At the top of the ramp, the t rolley has gravitational potential energy (GPE) which is converted into kinetic energy as the trolley travels down the slope. However, as according to the principle of the conservation of energy, no energy is wasted, the potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy. Potential energy (PE) is energy due to position and kinetic energy (KE) is energy due to motion. The higher the trolley is, i.e. the greater the height of the ramp, the greater potential energy it has and therefore the more energy can be converted to kinetic energy when the trolley moves.Potential energy therefore equals kinetic energy:GPE = KEGPE = mghKE = 1/2mvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1/2mvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = mgh orvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2ghSo, as the height increases there is a linear increase in the velocity. và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2gh obeys the equation of a straight line (y=mx + c), and therefore the line of best fit drawn on graph 1 shows the gradient to be equal to 2g, which is 14.67. Therefore g is equal to 7.335. (g is not 9.81 m/s2 beca use of resistive forces)The line should pass through the coordinates (0,0), because when height is 0, và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ will also be 0.và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2gh (2)(7.335)(0) = 0The conservation of energy assumes that no energy is wasted; however, in reality some energy is lost, as heat and sound energy. This is why all the points that are plotted in the graph do not fall exactly on a straight line.Graph 2 shows velocity squared (và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) against Sinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Like graph 1, graph 2 also has a linear relationship. This is because:và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2ghsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = opposite (height)/ hypotenuse (1.8m) thereforeh = 1.8sinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2g(1.8 sinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 3.6gsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Therefore sinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ increases with velocity.và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 3.6gsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (this is the equation of the line on graph 2). This obeys the equation of a straight line (y=mx + c), and therefore the gradient is equal to 3.6g.g should be equal to the one calculated from graph 1 because:From graph 1: và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 2ghFrom graph 2: và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 3.6gsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½And therefore: 2gh = 3.6gsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and g is a constantFrom graph 2 I worked out that the gradient is equal to 26.67 (2d.p.) and therefore g is equal to 26.67/3.6 = 7.4. both values are close, they are not completely equal probably due to human error.Graph 3 shows velocity against length of the ramp. As the length increases the velocity also increases but it is not a linear increase, but as the graph shows, a curved one. This is due to terminal velocity.A: Gravitational force is acting on the object with little resistive forces (e.g. friction, air resistance) and so the forces are unbalanced and the velocity is increasing at its greatest rate. Thus, the line on the graph is at its steepest.B: The resistive forces are increasing but the forces are still unbalanced and so the velocity increases but not as much as in A. Therefore the curve is not as steep now.C: The forward force is equal t o the resistive force and so the velocity does not increase but stays constant, and a plateau is reached as shown on the graph. This is terminal velocity.When the distance is short, the major force is the gravitational pull and forces are unbalanced. As the length increases, Newtons 1st law comes into place: when an object stays at rest or moves at a constant velocity, there must be balanced forces.From graph 3, I can see that the terminal velocity isImprovements:There are many ways in which my project could have been improved. I could have:* Taken more than three readings; this would have made the accuracy of the data much more reliable.* Used larger range of heights and distance, this could have shown me whether the trend I got from the graphs continued and so forth, the results and graphs would have been more accurate.* In this experiment, the height and length were changed by 0.05m and 0.2m respectively. The accuracy of the results could be improved by implementing smaller chang es in the height and length of the slope.* A more uniform ramp could have been used to decrease frictional forces against the trolley.Conclusion:From the results and my analysis of them, I can conclude that when one variable changes, it will effect other variables, depending on what the relationship is between the two variables. In the lab when the:* frictional coefficient increases, the acceleration decreases.* height of the slope increases, the potential energy of the trolley increases.* angle of the incline increases, the velocity increases.* distance travelled increases, the velocity also increases but only until the forces become balanced, which then results in constant velocity.

The Devil, Part Two

The Devil, Part Two The Devil, Part Two The Devil, Part Two By Maeve Maddox A note from Stephen Thom has recalled me to a post that I wrote in May: Speak of the Devil! Maeve, I might suggest double-checking the printers devil expression. Â  It was my understanding that the term referred to the compartmentalized wooden tray that holds all the little metal letter stamps used in a printing press. Â  If that tray got tipped over and the letters spilled the printer would need hours and hours reorganizing the tray (having a devil of a time in the process). Â   This was told to me when my grade-school class trip visited a recreated colonial American village; the man working the old-time printing press told us that was where the term printers devil came from. I know from experience what a devil of a job it is to sort out pied type, i.e., moveable type that has been mixed up. I had the happy fortune to work in a letterpress print shop as an undergraduate. I wasnt allowed near the huge rotary press or the hot linotype machine, but I set type for headlines using a composing stick, and printed my own stationery on the little platen press. I was also called a devil by the elderly shop manager. It was a sad day when we got our first offset machine and saw the beginning of the end. The compartmentalized wooden tray is called a type case. Theres an upper case that holds the capital letters, and a lower case that holds the small letters. Yep, thats where we get the terms uppercase and lowercase. The small letters are placed in the lower case because theyre the ones most used and the lower case is easier to reach. One of my least favorite jobs was going through the compartments looking for pied type. The etymology for printers devil offered by the man in the colonial village is one Ive not been able to find in any printed reference Ive consulted. Heres the entry in Brewers Dictionary of Phrase Fable: A printers devil. A printers message boy; formerly, the boy who took the printed sheets from the tympan of the press. Moxon says (1683): They do commonly so black and bedaub themselves that the workmen do jocosely call them devils. One of my favorite reference books is an 1898 edition of Brewers The Readers Handbook that I acquired years ago in England. This fat little red book is now broken in two from the use its had from me. I learned only recently that the erudite old gentleman also produced a Dictionary of Phrase Fable that first appeared in 1870. The 80 or so devil references in my library copy of the Dictionarys eighth edition cover four closely-printed two-column pages. The devil only knows how many more devil expressions are in the seventeenth edition that I just ordered for myself. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowAnyone vs. EveryoneAffect vs. Effect

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 135

Summary - Essay Example In the past the business of the company was greatly dependent on Corn Flakes and Rice Krispies. The company considers such dependence to be not very perspective at the same time as business connected with snacks is not very prestigious according to the heads of the company. This attempt to get rid of the dependency on mainstay cereal business was the second after buying Keebler in 2000. According to Kelloggs chief executive John A. Bryant, the potential for increased scale in Europe and a good entry point into snacking in Asia and Latin America (Merced, 2012). Kellogg  is an international company, which operates in 18 countries. It is a multinational company, which adapts to the customers with different cultural backgrounds. The same can be stated about human resource management that has to adapt to the employees from different countries and be very flexible taking into account cultural differences. De la Merced, M. J. (2012, February 16). Dealbook; Kellogg to buy Pringles for $2.7 billion in cash deal. The Ney York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2014 from

EPI in MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EPI in MRI - Essay Example Notably, the boundaries existing between fat and compact bone are affected by the rapid de-phasing of the transverse magnetic field as well as distorts the signal. Resultantly, this leads to the wrong positioning of the frequency in the phase direction. K-space line is another parameter that could be optimized so as to change the EPI. A shift in the k-space line from its normal line leads to geometric distortion (Amin & Afzal, 2009, p.232). Such a shift may be resulting from field in-homogeneities. However, this artefact is reduced by spin echo sequences, which do rephrase the spins each time a 180-degree pulse is applied. On the other hand, gradient echo structures of the refocusing of the artefact. Undeniably, EPI makes use of a gradient echo sequence, thus leading to the accumulation of the effect with no radiofrequency (RF) pulse to correct the same. It is worth noting that any accumulation of errors arising from phase encoding will be wrongly registered, thus exposing EPI to thi s artefact. In the event that the duration of the EPI trajectory if considerably long, the EPI itself gets to be affected even by small field in-homogeneities (Ye et al, 1996, p.219). Change in the parameter can be so achieved through increasing the bandwidth. Such an action will lead to a reduction in the echo time (TE). So as to realize more ramp sampling, the dwell time can be increased. In optimizing EPI, the frequency of the phase encoding can be increased using a zero filling. The end result of this is an increase in resolution. On the other hand, TE can be increased so as to increase the transverse magnetization, thus giving a greater T2 and T2*. Moreover, a gradient with a relatively high performance can be used in optimising EPI (Ye et al, 1996, p.220). Bandwidth represents the frequency range resulting from the already read gradient across the field-of-view (FOV). This measure is quite imperative in the determination the

Nicene Creed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nicene Creed - Essay Example This shows that despite Christianity being viewed as a religion of many denominations, the concept behind Christology is one and the same. This is a very important aspect of Christianity as it ensures that Christology is defined in a similar manner by the various denominations that are under Christianity. The creed achieves this because it contains significant and fundamental statements that form the very basis of the existence of Christianity. The Nicene Creed is divided into 12 sections. Though there is a controversy in regards to the filioque clause, the creed is generally accepted by the major branches of Christendom. The implication of this is that how the major branches of Christendom define Christianity will be similar and as result the definition of Christianity cannot differ. The Nicene Creed therefore forms a basis for a uniform definition of Christology by various branches of the church. I believe in the Nicene Creed as it restates the very fundamental beliefs which are the pillars of Christianity in general. It is worth noting that the Eastern Church only disagrees with part of this creed and generally it is in agreement with most of the statements in the creed. Though the Creed caused a rift between the Eastern and Western church, it has since then held the Western church in unity. I am in agreement that the Nicene Creed may have changed the importance of the Christology of the Eastern Church. The Western Church is more prominent and maybe the Eastern would have equally enjoyed the same status had it not disagreed with part of the Nicene Creed. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the Nicene Creed still plays a crucial role in pointing out the pillars of Christianity and that is very important for both the Eastern and Western

I want an A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I want an A - Essay Example Respect is crucial in the relationships that people form since it will help them treat each other in proper ways. I think that sleeping in corridors does not show a respect to people. University is not a place for sleeping but rather it is a place for students to read and learn from their professors and their fellow students. It is wrong to sleep while some students are looking for place to study in their break time.Lastweek on Tuesday I came to north classrooms 2 hours before my class because I wanted to study, I could not find a place to study because of those students who sleep. They had filled all the spots that students use to study and I could not get a place to study. In my opinion, I think it is rude to sleep on the school corridors or any other place that is not designated for sleeping, and this scenario needs to be corrected. As students, we have to pay attention to our professors so that we can understand and learn from what they teach us. This in return guarantees good grades since the students will grasp everything the professors teach. However, some students have made listening a problem by engaging in activities such as eating food with strong smell in class. This makes other students not to be attentive in class since the strong smells reduce the levels of attention. Smell from food distracts the focus that students have hence they are not able to get what the professors teach. Since the university gives students a fifteen minutes break, rather than eating food in class, students should utilize this time to eat the food they carried to school. This will play a significant role in improving the attentiveness of students hence this will improve student’s grades. People should wear descent clothes in public places so that they are able to relate to other people and be treated with respect. Wearing sleepwear to school shows some levels of carelessness and

Shoplifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shoplifting - Essay Example The suspect is an alcoholic, unemployed, with no food in his house, leaves in filthy conditions and is a serial shoplifter which he admits to do it again to fund his alcoholism. From the labeling theory perspective, the initial act of shoplifting is normal and it is the interaction with those respond to it that causes deviance. Shoplifting is brought to the notice of police only after it is detected by the staff of shop, detective or public. In Gibben's study of shoplifting from the statistics of "Larceny from Shops and stalls" of 1935-1960, it was showed that the number fluctuated between 1949 and 1955 but have subsequently increased by substantial portions; and from the information presented, he argued that with both adults and children, the numbers are largely dependent upon the arresting and charging policy of the shops and there have been changes in policy between 1949 and 1959 in particular instances.(NG Wai Yee, nd:40-51)2 The suspect admits that he will continue with his practice as it would be difficult to regain his identity and sense of self efficacy. The suspects inclusion in the society will be further outlawed leading to social exclusion which in turn will lead to more incidents of shoplifting and may be other adverse crimes to support his livelihood. Relying on the strain theory, it is evident that suspect has indulged in such acts just because of addiction towards alcoholic materials, which he has admitted.3 From the society's and community's perspective which does not support or provide support to such accused, he should be present before the court as it may do no world of good to him by not confining him. According to Charles A. Sennewald, the only person who can arrest the suspect is the one who has seen it actually happening. The process of 'stop' is to impede or interrupt the customer by the staff to inquire about the transaction and extract a satisfactory explanation. Detention occurs based only on probable cause and the duration is used to investigate the circumstances of the event in which the act has happened. Thereafter is the suspect admits his crime, its up to the manager to call the police who makes an official arrest and the case is transferred from private affair to criminal justice system.4 In some cases, manager can let go the suspect sometimes by taking back the lifted goods or by imposing fines on the lifted goods, etc. In some cases, the staff or manager tend to show sympathy towards such unhappy, unemployed, alcoholic addicted person who has make his livelihood through such felony. But again, such acts may encourage him to commit such crimes again and again which ma y tamper the reputation and costs of the stores and retail shops and other malls, etc. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford developed their learning styles system as a variation on the Kolb model while working on a project for the Chloride Corporation in the 1970's. The stages originated from the work of David Kolb's Learning Styles. The first stage is to have an experience, wherein people use other people's work and rely on their analysis. This style is similar to that of Accommodating Stage where people prefer to work in teams to complete tasks and actively work in the field trying different ways to achieve target. Honey and

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff Essay

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff - Essay Example Similarly, Wolbers elucidates, â€Å"Dual system participants combine fixed-term contracts with full-time employment while studying workers are not very different from their non-studying colleagues. Working students are more often employed on a part-time basis. Nevertheless, the permanency of these student jobs is fairly high, much closer to the situation of regular employees rather than to that of dual system students† (2003). However, it is believed that â€Å"since the work-life system is multi- and not just two-dimensional, it is important to examine how all life domains interrelate with each other. In this way, we would be in a better position to begin to assess all the benefits and disadvantages associated with working part-time and with other work-life balancing strategies† (Warren, 2004). â€Å"For both men and women, the likelihood to return-to-work increased with increasing number of opportunities to adjust. Adjustment latitude increased returning to part-tim e as well as full-time work. The study indicates that work organization is important for return-to-work† (Gun, 2006). In addition, it is highlighted that â€Å"females, freshmen and full-time (versus part-time) students reported a greater degree of exposure to stressors† ((Buchanan, et al, 2004).â€Å"There are very few small businesses that do not offer coverage and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers. These businesses are not quite as rare as a needle in a haystack, but they are very difficult to find†.

Shoplifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shoplifting - Essay Example The suspect is an alcoholic, unemployed, with no food in his house, leaves in filthy conditions and is a serial shoplifter which he admits to do it again to fund his alcoholism. From the labeling theory perspective, the initial act of shoplifting is normal and it is the interaction with those respond to it that causes deviance. Shoplifting is brought to the notice of police only after it is detected by the staff of shop, detective or public. In Gibben's study of shoplifting from the statistics of "Larceny from Shops and stalls" of 1935-1960, it was showed that the number fluctuated between 1949 and 1955 but have subsequently increased by substantial portions; and from the information presented, he argued that with both adults and children, the numbers are largely dependent upon the arresting and charging policy of the shops and there have been changes in policy between 1949 and 1959 in particular instances.(NG Wai Yee, nd:40-51)2 The suspect admits that he will continue with his practice as it would be difficult to regain his identity and sense of self efficacy. The suspects inclusion in the society will be further outlawed leading to social exclusion which in turn will lead to more incidents of shoplifting and may be other adverse crimes to support his livelihood. Relying on the strain theory, it is evident that suspect has indulged in such acts just because of addiction towards alcoholic materials, which he has admitted.3 From the society's and community's perspective which does not support or provide support to such accused, he should be present before the court as it may do no world of good to him by not confining him. According to Charles A. Sennewald, the only person who can arrest the suspect is the one who has seen it actually happening. The process of 'stop' is to impede or interrupt the customer by the staff to inquire about the transaction and extract a satisfactory explanation. Detention occurs based only on probable cause and the duration is used to investigate the circumstances of the event in which the act has happened. Thereafter is the suspect admits his crime, its up to the manager to call the police who makes an official arrest and the case is transferred from private affair to criminal justice system.4 In some cases, manager can let go the suspect sometimes by taking back the lifted goods or by imposing fines on the lifted goods, etc. In some cases, the staff or manager tend to show sympathy towards such unhappy, unemployed, alcoholic addicted person who has make his livelihood through such felony. But again, such acts may encourage him to commit such crimes again and again which ma y tamper the reputation and costs of the stores and retail shops and other malls, etc. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford developed their learning styles system as a variation on the Kolb model while working on a project for the Chloride Corporation in the 1970's. The stages originated from the work of David Kolb's Learning Styles. The first stage is to have an experience, wherein people use other people's work and rely on their analysis. This style is similar to that of Accommodating Stage where people prefer to work in teams to complete tasks and actively work in the field trying different ways to achieve target. Honey and

Kodak Industry Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kodak Industry Evaluation - Essay Example They should weigh on both sides so that they will win more customers and at the same time making profits and not losses. As the market share of Kodak is higher at 67%, this shows that the demand of the products is also higher. This shows that Kodak should produce more products to meet the rising demand from customers and curb the shortages. To meet this target, Kodak should have qualified staff, reliable source of materials, and source of finance. Kodak will have to recruit more staff so that the existing staff will not work under pressure. In addition, they should organize seminars to train the staff so that they can acquire new skills, which will enable them to fit in the current situation (Greco & Wharton, 2007, p. 166). Having opportunities like promotion, and free training should motivate staff so that they will work hard enabling the industry to meet the target. The staff should be given rewards when they do a commendable job. This will motivate other employees and staff to wor k harder in that they will receive rewards. In doing this, the industry will meet its targets through spending on the rewards. Kodak should establish a reliable source of raw materials for use in the industry. The supply of the materials should be continuous to enhance the continuous manufacture of the films whilst sustaining the customer demand. This will make the customers rely on the industry in that they can get the products when they demand them. In addition, the industry should have enough funds for acquiring the raw materials, training staff, and paying the employees in this process. If there is a shortage in the funds, Kodak can borrow from financial institutions for stable flow of raw materials in the industry. The funds will be used in procurement and... As the report declares Kodak should produce more products to meet the rising demand from customers and curb the shortages. To meet this target, Kodak should have qualified staff, reliable source of materials, and source of finance. Kodak will have to recruit more staff so that the existing staff will not work under pressure. In addition, they should organize seminars to train the staff so that they can acquire new skills, which will enable them to fit in the current situation/ This paper stresses that Kodak should establish a reliable source of raw materials for use in the industry. The supply of the materials should be continuous to enhance the continuous manufacture of the films whilst sustaining the customer demand. This will make the customers rely on the industry in that they can get the products when they demand them. In addition, the industry should have enough funds for acquiring the raw materials, training staff, and paying the employees in this process. If there is a shortage in the funds, Kodak can borrow from financial institutions for stable flow of raw materials in the industry. The funds will be used in procurement and transporting raw materials to the industry and finished goods to the market. After stabilizing this, the customers will get Kodak anytime they demand. Employees and others professionals who may be called in the industry will be paid through the funds acquired from sources like borrowing.

Advertising on a Global Scale Essay Example for Free

Advertising on a Global Scale Essay When a company, brand, or product is marketed within several countries, a significantly different approach to advertising must be made opposed to if it was only being sold within one country. A company’s awareness of the international advertising can greatly affect how well a product is accepted by its target audience and how well it sells. The most important aspect of global advertising is an understanding of culture. This involves considering the language barriers, the cultural significance of images and signs, and the applicability that a certain product may have within different countries. Addressing these three factors, overall, can help to increase the appeal of a product or service; and it is essential that companies realize that implementing a standardized method of advertising is not always the most effective way to enter a foreign market. There have been several debates in regards to the regulation of global advertising. Two contrasting statements have been made—one that suggests that advertising standardization is the most profitable approach to international marketing, and another that promotes localization. Those who support the standardization method â€Å"†¦argue that standardizing advertising can help maintain a uniform global strategy and image of the firm, maximize the firm’s cost advantage and meet a universal need of people across the world† (Zou and Volz 2010: 57). The adaption method, however, stresses that differences and barriers between cultures, spoken languages, historical contexts, and socio-economic factors between various countries affects the way in which advertising messages are perceived and translated. It is therefore does not make sense to implement only one form of advertisement that is meant to span a variety of countries and cultures, because one single campaign cannot apply and appeal to every market worldwide. Perhaps the arguments in favor of standardizing international campaigns, particularly the language that is being used, stems from the fact that English has become the dominant language in the world. The majority of advertisers and other people who work in the global marketing industry speak English, regardless of what is their country of origin; and it appears as if many advertisers are beginning to apply this theory to the consumers. Despite the widespread use of English and the fact that is the most commonly used language in advertising worldwide, the concept of advertising standardization has been widely criticized in favor of adaptation. It is somewhat hasty to assume, after all, that all people worldwide are fluent in English, simply because most of those working in the business sector happen to speak the language. What about those in smaller towns or non-Western countries such as Cairo, Egypt? Egyptians who work in the tourist or hospitality industry are likely to speak English, but many of the average citizens—who are all potential consumers—will not necessarily speak English or be able to understand the writing. Studies have also shown that the use of a local language tends to appeal more to those who live in the area, especially within countries that perceive their spoken and written language to be a valuable part of their culture. Hornikx, Van Meurs, and De Boer write that â€Å"†¦ads that appeal to important cultural values (such as independence in the United States or loyalty in Mexico) should be more persuasive than ads that appeal to relatively unimportant cultural values (such as loyalty in the United States or independence in Mexico)† (2010: 171). Empirical studies have also proven that ads using the local language and cultural values of a country tend to be favored as opposed to those with a standardized language and advertising message (Hornikx, Van Meurs, and De Boer 2010: 171). Although it is clear that language adaption is important, the preference that locals have for their language does not imply that advertisers should not use English in foreign countries. They simply need to use English in a way that is effective in conveying the message behind a campaign, and have an understanding of how the English language is perceived in each particular market they are trying to enter. Among Chinese consumers who frequently purchase upscale or luxury goods, global advertising, brands, and products tend to be preferred over domestic good. This is because in Chinese culture, in particular, â€Å"†¦global advertising elements are valued as signs or surrogates for status, cosmopolitanism, excitement, modernity, quality, technology, and beauty† (Zou and Belk 2004: 71). If advertisers are going to use English, however, it is crucial that they simplify the language as much as possible in order to minimize the risk of misinterpretation. There is no point in using a standardized advertising campaign in China if nobody is going to understand what it says. In the Netherlands, the use of English slogans in advertising was also preferred to Dutch, so long as the slogans were easy to read and translate (Louhiala-Salminen and Rogerson-Revell 2010: 95). This shows how the use of English, in many countries, could actually be beneficial and profitable for a company; but since not all countries perceive English the same way, it is important for advertisers to understand how and English campaign will be accepted within their target market. English will not necessarily be preferred to the local language, nor will global brands necessarily be favored over domestic products— which proves that language adaptation should still be used in some situations as opposed to absolute language standardization. Along with deciding whether or not the local language should be used in an international advertising campaign, companies need to consider the visuals that they are using. What is the significance of the images within that culture? Could they possibly be negatively misinterpreted? What do the local consumers consider to be visually appealing? All of these factors, of course, differ between countries and cultures. Studies have shown that there is a significant difference between the way in which high-context cultures and low-context cultures interpret ads. These high-context cultures include China, Japan, the Mediterranean, and Arab nations, where a lot of information is left unspoken and messages are often coded. Low-context cultures, however, refer to the United States, Germany, the UK, and other Western European countries. In these countries, everything is relatively straight-forward and messages are made clear (An 2007: 307). An describes the findings from many studies, which all â€Å"†¦imply that the idea of employing advertising visuals that reflect the communication styles of a particular national market appears to be a promising strategy to effectively reach consumers around the world† (2007: 303). This suggests that multinational advertisers should seek to differentiate their visuals between Eastern and Western cultures if they wish to make a product or service appeal to the people. In the United States, for example, celebrities—from singers, to socialites, to athletes—dominate magazine pages, commercials, and billboards as the spokes models for various brands. This tends to attract the attention of the American public, as they recognize the celebrities and typically create a positive association between that celebrity and the product. In the Middle East, however, using a celebrity athlete to represent a box of cereal will not make that cereal appear any more appealing than if the box were blank. Advertisers, instead, must determine what will be visually pleasing to consumers in countries that have different values than those from more Western countries. In addition to finding what a will attract people in terms of advertising visuals, it is essential to be and respectful of cultural beliefs and customs. Consider countries in the Middle East, where Islam is a dominant part of society. This religion stresses modesty, especially amongst women. Kalliny et al describe how in countries such as Saudi Arabia, â€Å"†¦women are not allowed to walk in the streets with their faces uncovered†¦ [and there are] women wearing long clothing in 83 percent of Arabic magazine advertisements showing women, compared to the 29 percent in U. S. advertisements† (2008: 218). With female modesty being so important within certain cultures, it is extremely important that multinational advertisers be cautious about whether their visuals will be appropriate. It would not be a good choice, for example, for an advertiser to market a brand of women’s perfume in Saudi Arabia with an enormous billboard showing Britney Spears wearing a bikini and holding a bottle of perfume. This would be considered offensive and would not be beneficial for the popularity of a product. The Japanese cosmetics industry also presents an interesting example of the importance of visual marketing and how advertisers need to pay attention to what will efficiently sell a product. As the second largest market in the world in terms of cosmetics, it was estimated to be worth roughly 1. trillion yen back in 2003 (Barnes and Yamamoto 2008: 299). Research regarding what type of models Japanese women prefer in beauty campaigns indicated a surprising fact. Although white models are widely used in Japan, because they are considered to be the ideal form of beauty, Japanese women actually preferred to buy cosmetics that used Japanese models in the advertisements. Barnes and Yamamoto discuss how this is due to white models not being applicable to Japanese women in terms of physical beauty. The Japanese, for example, value fair complexions, while Westerners typically prefer tans. Additionally, â€Å"†¦since the Japanese facial structure is different from that of Westerners, they will not become similar in appearance if they use the same make-up as a Western model† (2008: 310). This proves how a choice of visual representation in an advertising campaign can greatly affect how a product is accepted within different countries, and how advertisers must adjust their images or models accordingly. As research within the Japanese beauty industry has shown, applicability is crucial in global advertising. If a product or service has no value, necessity, or appeal in a certain country, hen consumers will not purchase the product. An advertisement’s message and content, therefore, is important and can determine how much interest is generated amongst consumers. In one particular study involving 40 different advertising campaigns and 1200 consumers, the significance of content was examined. Van Den Putte states that the study indicates that â€Å"†¦after controlling for the effect of previous purchase behavior, the effect of message content strategy is generally larger than the effect of advertising expenditure† (2009: 669). This shows how it is not necessarily a campaign’s budget that determines the success of a product, but the message and content that it contains. Alcohol advertisements have been successful in tailoring their ads to suit the requirements of different countries and cultures. One example is the comparison of alcohol advertisements between the United Kingdom and Ukraine. Beefeater Dry Gin, a spirit brand that often appears in GQ magazine, markets their gin in Britain quite minimally. Their ad consists of a lime splashing into a bottle of gin, with the splash pattern forming the British flag. The slogan simply reads â€Å"Refreshingly London†, with one more line that says â€Å"Distilled in London since 1820† (Wolburg and Venger 2009: 15). That is all that is needed in order for British consumers to understand the product and find some sort of value in the liquor. In Ukraine, however, alcohol companies have to take a much different approach. Wolburg and Venger state that, because drinking has not been instilled as a cultural norm in Ukrainian society, â€Å"†¦marketers have had to educate Ukrainians about drinking various alcoholic beverages. Ads, magazine articles, and Web sites must not only teach Ukrainians how these drinks are prepared and consumed; they must also explain what makes certain brands authentic† (2009: 15). This involves the importance of cultural applicability—if alcohol advertisers do not understand the need to educate certain consumer markets about their product in detail, then consumers will not see a need for the product altogether. McDonalds has been one of the most successful companies in terms of launching their fast-food chains globally and adjusting their products and advertising campaigns to appeal to local consumers. In India, for example, many of the people do not eat beef; so to increase its appeal, McDonalds in India sells a lamb burger as part of its menu, and markets its fish fillet sandwich much more than it does in the United States. It also utilizes many small, local farmers and food suppliers in order to make the company seem more localized and appealing to the Indian consumer base (Sarin and Barrows 2005: 23). The original, American version of McDonalds would most likely have been unsuccessful in countries such as India if the company had not made some adjustments. If McDonalds in Indian maintained the same American menu, then the Indian public would undoubtedly not have been as accepting of the brand and its products. Not only was the company culturally sensitive to the dietary restrictions that many Indian people have due to religious meanings, but it also used local suppliers as an acculturation strategy. With a menu that conforms to the eating habits of India, along with the use of their own famers and suppliers, McDonalds has become well-adjusted to the global community and has effectively made itself applicable to a wide variety of cultures and consumers. Culture is the most important factor in any advertising campaign, regardless of its origin. Advertisers cannot simply use one campaign and expect it to be accepted, appealing, and applicable to every country. Standardization also forfeits the competitive edge that one brand may have over another if it is able to successfully integrate its product into a foreign market. Paying attention to the language, visuals, and significance of a product is essential in global advertising, and advertisers must alter their campaign in order to better suit the tastes and values of individual cultures.

Interesting Facts of the Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Interesting Facts of the Crucible The Interesting Facts of The Crucible Was The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, just an â€Å"irrational fear?† (Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Fact & Fiction Par.1). The panic of Communism during the Cold War and Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist hearings on February 3, 1953 led to this â€Å"irrational fear.† There are several major differences from the true version of the story and Miller’s version. These differences could have made the whole event much more interesting and eerie. Many specific details were overlooked that could have changed the play around. For example, Parris’ wife was not dead. In Miller’s play he refers to the group of girls as Abigail’s girls, but there were many other girls that were included in the group of the â€Å"afflicted†. Another difference that could have reconstructed how the play was is Abigail’s age. Because Miller used different context from the event, the true facts of history could have made the play muc h more interesting. In Miller’s play, Reverend Parris says â€Å"...my daughter...† (1.7). Reverend Parris mentioned he has a daughter and he is a widower. However, â€Å"Betty Parris’ mother was not dead, but very much alive at the time† (The Crucible: Fact & Fiction Para.5). Betty Parris’ mother really died 4 years after the events had taken place. This fact could have changed the total out-come of Miller’s play. If Betty had a mother figure, perhaps she would not have been lured into Abigail’s malicious ways. Since Abigail and Betty are cousins, Betty’s mother could have played as a mother figure for Abigail. Abigail would not have been such a troublemaker if she had a role model. This fact could have changed how Miller’s play was put together, and it could have made the play more interesting. In The Crucible, Miller mentioned that Abigail and her followers were just a bunch of teenage girls. In reality, Abigail’s group did not just consisted of teenage girls. Abigail’s afflicted group not only consists of teenage girls, but it consists of men and women. Some of the people from Abigail’s â€Å"afflicted† group are Sarah Bibber, John Indian, and Ann Putnam. The â€Å"afflicted† group could have consisted of many more people, and they could have had a bigger, stronger effect on the whole hype.

Now and then :: essays research papers

Why Rate? To paraphrase the old Chuck Berry tune, bye-bye, Johnnie. Johnnie Johnson, the rhythm-and-blues piano wizard whose pioneering partnership with Berry produced such indelible tracks as "Roll over Beethoven" and "No Particular Place To Go" and helped to lay the foundations for rock 'n' roll, died Wednesday. He was 80. According to his agent at New York-based Talent Consultants International, Johnson died of natural causes at his home in St. Louis. Musician John May told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch that Johnson had been hospitalized a month ago for pneumonia and had also been on dialysis for a kidney ailment. Despite his ailments, Johnson refused to stop playing, taking the stage as recently as two weeks ago Johnson, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, influenced generations of rockers through his collaborations with Berry--everyone from Elvis Presley and Little Richard to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Fellow rock originator Bo Diddley, who performed with Johnson on Feb. 9, called Johnson "a great man and a great musician." "It was so much fun to play with Johnnie," Diddley said in a statement. "He will be missed but his music will live on." Berry was traveling back from Europe and was not immediately available for comment, according to his publicist. A self-taught musician, bandleader and composer, Johnson composed the riffs for many of Berry's most famous tunes, including "Maybellene," "Sweet Little Sixteen" and "Rock and Roll Music," which Berry transposed to guitar. Berry wrote his best-known song, "Johnny B. Goode," in tribute to Johnson. But it was Johnson who actually gave Berry his first big break. On New Year's Eve in 1952, Johnson, then fronting the his own trio in St. Louis, was stuck. His sax player fell ill and he needed an emergency replacement, so he called in his pal Berry, a promising young guitarist, to fill in. The show was a hit, Johnson asked Berry to join the band, and soon the more charismatic Berry was the frontman. Their partnership produced dozens of hit songs before they parted company in 1973. Wracked by alcoholism, Johnson fell off the radar. He was driving a bus when Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards tracked Johnson down during the making of the 1987 Berry documentary, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll. Richards, convinced that Johnson should be in the rock pantheon alongside Berry, launched a high-profile campaign to get Johnson into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Now and then :: essays research papers Why Rate? To paraphrase the old Chuck Berry tune, bye-bye, Johnnie. Johnnie Johnson, the rhythm-and-blues piano wizard whose pioneering partnership with Berry produced such indelible tracks as "Roll over Beethoven" and "No Particular Place To Go" and helped to lay the foundations for rock 'n' roll, died Wednesday. He was 80. According to his agent at New York-based Talent Consultants International, Johnson died of natural causes at his home in St. Louis. Musician John May told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch that Johnson had been hospitalized a month ago for pneumonia and had also been on dialysis for a kidney ailment. Despite his ailments, Johnson refused to stop playing, taking the stage as recently as two weeks ago Johnson, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, influenced generations of rockers through his collaborations with Berry--everyone from Elvis Presley and Little Richard to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Fellow rock originator Bo Diddley, who performed with Johnson on Feb. 9, called Johnson "a great man and a great musician." "It was so much fun to play with Johnnie," Diddley said in a statement. "He will be missed but his music will live on." Berry was traveling back from Europe and was not immediately available for comment, according to his publicist. A self-taught musician, bandleader and composer, Johnson composed the riffs for many of Berry's most famous tunes, including "Maybellene," "Sweet Little Sixteen" and "Rock and Roll Music," which Berry transposed to guitar. Berry wrote his best-known song, "Johnny B. Goode," in tribute to Johnson. But it was Johnson who actually gave Berry his first big break. On New Year's Eve in 1952, Johnson, then fronting the his own trio in St. Louis, was stuck. His sax player fell ill and he needed an emergency replacement, so he called in his pal Berry, a promising young guitarist, to fill in. The show was a hit, Johnson asked Berry to join the band, and soon the more charismatic Berry was the frontman. Their partnership produced dozens of hit songs before they parted company in 1973. Wracked by alcoholism, Johnson fell off the radar. He was driving a bus when Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards tracked Johnson down during the making of the 1987 Berry documentary, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll. Richards, convinced that Johnson should be in the rock pantheon alongside Berry, launched a high-profile campaign to get Johnson into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Philosophy Of Torture Essay

Defining Torture Torture is any act where severe pain and suffering which is either mental or physical is intentionally inflicted into a person for the purpose of obtaining from him confession or information, by punishing him for the act he or third person is suspected of committing or has committed. It can also be intimidating or forcing him for the reason which is based on discrimination when such suffering is inflicted with consent of or at the instigation of public official or another person who is working in an official capacity. This excludes pain and suffering from incidental or lawful sanctions. In state sponsored torture, groups or individuals inflict torture on one another; in this case, torture is for the motive of sadistic gratification of torturer. There is prohibition of torture under international law and in domestic law in most countries. Amnesty international says that, in world governments, 75% of them currently practice torture. In history, torture has been used to effect political re-education. 21 century considers torture as violation of human rights and is unacceptable to the United Nations article 5. Torture and ill treatments are considered to be immoral by the international legal prohibitions. Torture is ordinarily and accidental discomfort for example, it is torture to be stuck in traffic jam for five hours. The paradox o torture is used where the methods used to inflict pain and humiliations are similar. For example, in games, players endure torturous discipline. This is also true with genitorture which is used in virtual parody because the real things have medical risks that are unacceptable. (Miller, 2006). Doctrine of Double Effect With Respect To Torture In doctrine of double effect, we encounter conflicts of right whereby there is right for a person not to be tortured and right to life and to be secure. The rights set limit to calculations of utilitarian override benefits of utilitarian but the rights themselves can conflict. Question arises as to whether there are some rights which are more basic compared to others, because of being more important to human life. Perhaps, right to liberty is taken to be more important than right to property and right to life more important than right to liberty. Right to life is the most basic right and is a precondition for existence of any other right. Some rights should never be overridden because they are basic. This can help in resolving possible conflicts. There is a contrast in killing an innocent person with the killing of someone in self defense. If someone threatens my life, he has already forfeited his right to life, if I can defend my own life by killing him, then I can do so. Therefore, if there is absolute right to life for an innocent person, it is wrong to kill him except in self defense. If a driver has five people working on his right hand track, and one person on the left hand track. If a tram is steered on left hand track, it would kill one person and if nothing is done, tram will kill five people. The question is as to whether he should steer on the left hand track and kill one person in order to save five people on the left hand track. The doctrine of double effect does not say it is okay to people who are innocent if you don’t intend it. It says that, it is right to do an action that result to unintended death of people who are innocent as the only way of preventing worse evil from happening. This means there is conflict between negative duty and negative duty, in this case, it is right to kill fewer than many. (Miller, 2006) argues that, there exists a moral difference between killing someone and allowing him to die. Some doctors can perform involuntary euthanasia in order to provide organ transplant. The overall benefit produced may be the greatest but the doctors can not just do that to people. Negative duties always correspond to negative right. For example right not to be killed. Positive ideas correspond to positive rights. For example right to give aid to save someone’s life. Duties that are negative are stricter than positive duties. For example, it is our duty to prevent deaths but it is not strict like duty not to kill. Failing to help people who are starving is bad but it is worse if you give them poisoned food. The terrorists announce that, they will use weapons to kill a city unless a young lawyer who is politically active kills his mother. The gang has already murdered several people and their threat is credible. The question is as to whether the lawyer is supposed to torture his mother up to death for him to prevent the terrorist attack. According to doctrine of double effect, if the lawyer does not torture his mother to death, he is not responsible for the murdered people because, terrorists are the ones responsible. The lawyer should not torture his mother to death because; this will encourage the terrorists to make similar threats later. What Is Wrong With Torture Torture inflicts pain that is unspeakable into the body of fellow human being who is at our mercy. A person who is tortured is helpless and bound. The person who is torturing stands before the person to be tortured with instruments. The question of unilateral disarmament is not there because the victim has no arms, even no use of two arms he was born with. Torture results to inequality because killing and abusing a person is as radical and denial of humanity. Torture is widespread, rationalized and sanctioned in memorandum that is long and is written by people who serve in high government authorities. It is easy to ratify this record through voting in order to confirm the chief authors in highest legal office in executive arm of government. Torture causes destruction to the soul and destroys body of the victim. There is boundary between humane treatment in prisons and the clear boundary is torture that exist between civilization and barbarism. Torture threatens the safety of someone’s family and inflicts suffering on the family in front of that person. Torture makes someone care for nothing other than the cessation of suffering. It breaks autonomy of someone by manipulating them in a manner that is dehumanizing. The cruel treatment is bad enough and is like slavery and lacks respect to someone’s humanity. Torture demoralizes someone and makes the tortured become anxious to spear out what tormentors would like to hear. He will be willing to remove the pressure by saying anything. Torture makes it easy to extract a confession of guilt through being ruthless that makes the innocent give in quickly. The process of dehumanization quickly obliterates the distinction between falsity and truth. All what will matter is what stop the torture. Torture make people who are tortured desire to end suffering, as a result, they can say anything and therefore they can not be taken to be truthful. This is opinion of many observers who are involved in interrogations. Torture results to flattering one another where senators showered each other with compliments, senator Hatch said that senator specter who is new judiciary chairman is the best lawyer who has ever served in senate of United States. This was agreed upon by Senator Biden who called Senator Specter, the finest lawyer of constitution in the country. This was laughter because; it is not in the country but in the senate. Torture hurts the image of United States to the whole world according to Senator Lindsey Graham. When United States wins the hearts and minds of the Arab world, this will be important for them to succeed in the world of terror. There are photographs that hurt their efforts. Gonzales refused every opportunity for repudiating the policies that brought about torture, it was agreed that, the person who was responsible for harming United States image is Abu Ghraib. This means that torture is unacceptable. (Miller, 2006). Dynamics of Torture According to united nation convention against torture, when people imagine torture, what they imagine is they being the victim. Perpetrator is seen as a sadist, diabolical in manner, someone inhuman, most likely male, foreign in accent and uncivilized. Yet the available evidence shows that, most of the torturers are normal people. We could be barbarians of our dreams as easy as we become victim. Many perpetrators take torture as a job and nothing more. In notorious case of police brutality, a prisoner was burned with a radiator and a cigarette; he then suffocated after the plastic bag was put over his head by police officers. His fingers, nose, ears and genitals were electro shocked. Goldstone argues that, the described type of abuse was not in any way limited to the usual beatings but went to esoteric areas such as planned torture and psychological techniques. Other members in the command were aware of systematic abuse and they actively participated in the same or failed to put that action to an end.   In torture of the republican sympathizers, Ordinary people become torturers and feel that society condone and protect the abuse and know who the victims are how their response to torture is and how citizens are bystanders who have the knowledge of what is happening and can never act. In totalitarian states, the appearance of torture in United States is thought to be free from that kind of thing. Many people want various places to be visited that are known to use torture; many people think torture is done in some backward civilization by ignorant and barely human people. But torture is something that everyone is capable of doing. Complicated perception of torture gives room for moments of identification with perpetrators and does not loose sight of moral center. There are two separate incidents of Israel raids into Palestine and questioning of the murder suspect in Chicago. Credible details were examined by policemen and torture was acknowledged as being necessary by the authority and was carried out methodically by policemen and soldiers. The torturers said that, extraordinary evil becomes an act which is casual to the torture when combination of personal frustrations and official duties are achieved. Any person can become torturer if he has the right opportunity, most torturers are bewildered by what has been done and their reluctance to accept full personal responsibility and how those seem to realize futility and inhumanity of the acts they have done. The important thing about unspeakable acts ordinary people is not in the unspeakable nature of neither act nor people ordinariness but the way people admit the torture fails to produce desired effects. The fact of torture being done and will continue to be performed despite available reasons is an argument which is very powerful. (Conroy, 2001) Torture for a Political Purpose Torture is used for political reasons, it is enforced through the policy of state and means of law administers it. It raises problems to people in the whole world and gives and indication of new responsibility. It is part of long struggle of mankind out of the shape of civilization that gives permission to full flowering of human rights. The state uses its powers to torture through the capacity it has to incarcerate and its monopoly on force. There are long campaigns of agitation that produce restraints which curtail them eventually. (Levinsion, 2004). The torture of prisoners under saddam Hussein was widespread and ended in death. This is also true with dozens of other regimes all over the world because torture is torture. It puts permanent scars in the victim even if reasonable marks are not seen in the body and other scars are left in the lives of those who perform it and those who allowed and encouraged it and these scars last for a long time. In Zimbabwe, independent journalists work under severe restrictions on whatever they report; those who criticized Mugabe in their article or offend the government are subject to arrest, imprisonment and are unofficially subject to torture. Every time a story is written, a journalist is likely to be arrested according to the words he used. Those words that do not please the government are not taken lightly and can result to arrest of the journalist. The European said, pressure against Mugabe would be increased if elections were stolen but have not done so because, there is a feeling that Zimbabwe crisis goes beyond responding to the diplomatic pressure. The united nation seems to be blind to the crisis, Security Council and human rights spoken and acted out against Mugabe’s tyranny. After Reeler requested human rights commission to help, they noted there were more killings in Gaza than Zimbabwe. Torture is used in punishment of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States are routinely treated as animals, they are brutalized and degraded. There are very few Americans who have raised their voices in the opposition to the shameful prison policies due to the inmates being viewed as being less than human. Torture is a vile and the dignity and right of individual is depraved, it is crime against humanity with no possible justification due to need to obtain information from a terrorist or a prisoner. It is sad because, in such instances, torture is inexcusable and overshadowed by due to the fact that it is regarded a punishment. (Miller, 2006) Social Context and Ethics of Torture   According to the United Nations convention against torture, prisoner abuse and other institutional violence blame a few isolated individuals. Social psychology put emphasis on the social contexts, which can make anyone confront, oppress and obey in abetting social behavior that is destructive. Meta analysis demonstrates quantitative reliability and imports of social context. The recent data indicates that the reaction to low status and oppositional out-group involves contempt, disgust and consistent with abuse. Together, social prejudices and social pressures are helpful in explaining recent scandals of abuse. Torture is never justifiable because, it depends on the context. A direct target of command of an enemy and control center with smart bomb with intention of killing is justifiable in combat. Even when you shoot an enemy, it is also justifiable in combat and nobody will have an argument that, when you kill somebody somehow, it causes less permanent damage than electrocution. However, in the torture of prisoners, they are in unique position and are not able to fight back. There are rules of protecting combatants so that they can surrender willingly. If an enemy can kill you or torture you if you surrender, you can fight to the last minute which cause loss of life. However, if intelligence indicates that major attacks averted by successful interrogation and holding back of information by prisoners can cause loss of life, then torture of last resort may be justified but not in a legal manner. It is unethical to take an action which is aggressive against a person with action that can result to loss of life. Legitimate government function is to protect the people from violence and force, if government consigns its people to death by protecting people who initiate violence, the government is failing in its responsibilities. We seek to offer protection to people who are innocent and protect their freedom. Sharia law tries to take our freedom away and enemies should not be allowed to achieve their goals. When we are not dealt with rationally, we can deal aggressively with initiators of war against us as the only moral response. Never initiate force but be against those who do and show them the true meaning of their violence. It is unethical if defenders shirk their duties to people through pulling punches with the people who would enslave and at the same time murder us. As we conduct ourselves in war on terror, we should always remember the meaning of true victory for the enemy. (Levinsion, 2004). Does Torture Work? Proponents insist that, it does while opponents say it doesn’t. The truth is somewhere between that it would give rise to key information in some cases, but it would be harmful in others. If a harsher interrogation yields valuable intelligence, the benefit must be weighed against enormous strategic cost. If reliability of a given argument is a wash, meaning no side will win, torture may or may not work as intended. The question that arises is the exact method that is used to extract information from suspects of terrorism and whether it is considered morally acceptable. Building trust is recommended method if there is enough time to build it. According to high court of justice in Israel, it was ruled that torture is illegal in spite of it being immediate threat to terrorist attack. If torture is used as last resort in order to save lives of enormous members, it should be done in the open; it should have accountability and be approved by Supreme Court of justice. Once torture is committed, the person should plead guilty to criminal charges. If there is a situation that is grave enough to give warrant resort to torture, it should be enough to loose job and go to jail. According to Palestinians detainees, there exists significant difference between abuse and methods used by Israel interrogators. In Israel they have rules and sophisticated techniques of breaking down prisoners. Prisoners are done much more than beatings. This is by going without food and sleep for three days which make them become eager to say anything. In social contract, an individual would surrender his liberty to exchange for protection but United States does not believe in that. Therefore, social contract is an agreement between government and people. (Miller, 2006). Are There Moral Justifications For Torture? Historically, psychologically and physically, torture is being used to suppress dissents, extract confession, force denunciation of other people, humiliate, punish and gather information. Torturers claim state of necessity. Other claim to get significant information that is why they justify torture. They emphasize on significance of information they gain than the torture itself. Torture is taken to be an evil that is necessary in fighting battle against greater evil. There exists information that is of moral significance and can only be discovered through torture. Torture is justified by state of necessity. The ticking time-bomb gives a crude utilitarian justification as to the use of torture. One man is tortured to save many innocent people. This serves as the basic claim of absolute prohibitionist. If one man can provide information about the timing of bombing, why not torture him in order to uncover information that is morally significant and of priority. If the information today justifies torture, there must be trained torturers and trainers and administrative and legal apparatus. Many professional say that there are better methods of obtaining actionable intelligence than by use of torture even if it is conducted under time constraints. When justifying morally significant information, it demands prior knowledge as to whether torture victim has information. Information must be actionable and avoid serious, imminent threat. For one to justify information using torture, the information must be previously unknown. It may not be meaningful information until someone has tortured, gotten the information and verified it for it to be meaningful. Should Torture Ever Be Justified? Failure to use interrogational torture is immoral and coldhearted. It is coldhearted because, in cases of true catastrophe, the failure to use preventive interrogative torture can lead to death of people who are innocent. When rights of suspects are upheld, it negates the rights and even the right to life of innocent people. Refusal to use torture is hypocritical especially when we are faced with serious threats to the life of Nation. Measures which are necessary in order to abate crisis should be taken. An uncompromising prohibition of torture may result to unrealistic standards that no one can wish to meet when in circumstances that are extremely exigent. (Miller, 2006) REFERENCES Miller S. (2006): Torture, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Stanford university. Levinson S. (2004): ethics and politics of torture: Oxford University press. Conroy J. (2001): the dynamics of torture: university of California press. RL 32276, the UN convention against torture: CRS report.